Tuberculosis for Medical Students

Another calcified area in a chest X-ray, potentially connected to TB.

A calcified area on a chest X-ray, often a sign of a primary TB infection.

A specific pulmonary infiltrate with a round shape.

A round shape pulmonary infiltrate (X-ray) related to TB.

Multi-nuclear cells found in tuberculous granulomas.

A vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis.

A skin test used to diagnose primary tuberculosis infection.

The bacterium responsible for most cases of human tuberculosis.

A type of mycobacterium that can also cause TB.

Treatment for Tuberculosis that may result in specific bacterial forms.

The ability of the bacteria to withstand TB treatments.

A group of related mycobacterium species that include the cause of most human tuberculosis.

The time required for mycobacterium tuberculosis to grow on culture medium.

The temperature range best suited for the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis.

The length of time that mycobacterium tuberculosis can survive at 80°C.

The maximum length of time Mycobacterium tuberculosis can remain viable in water.

Tuberculosis in the mesenteric lymph nodes, often linked to ingestion (eating) of infected material.

High death rate in newborns due to tuberculosis shortly after birth, often associated with vertical transmission.

The primary route by which tuberculosis infects the human body.

The distance at which sputum particles containing tuberculosis bacteria can transmit infection from one person to another.

The initial immune response in a person who has not had previous exposure to tuberculosis.

The stage of tuberculosis infection where the bacteria multiply inside immune cells in the lungs.

The stage in tuberculosis where immune cells engulf (eat) the bacteria.

The stage where a person develops an immune response detectable by a skin test (e.g., tuberculin skin test).

The stage in which a previously latent tuberculosis infection becomes active and causes disease.

The stage when active TB disease produces bacteria-laden sputum and spreads.

The type of immune response (inflammation) triggered by tuberculosis, a delayed response

Instilling 15-20 ml of saline solution into the trachea.

Washing the bronchi and alveoli with a saline solution to obtain fluid for analysis.

Due to mycolic acids in the cell capsule.

Consists largely of lipids.

Appears red against a blue background.

Detects early signs of M. tuberculosis metabolism using automated system.

PCR and MGIT are faster methods than traditional culture.

Approximately 35-40% of new TB cases are suspected to be secondary.

Infiltrative TB.

A step in preparing sputum for microscopy.

PCR diagnostics.

Driven by inadequate treatment.

Due to inadequate treatment (e.g., for more than 1 month).

Caused by prolonged exposure to an inadequate treatment regimen.

Resistance to multiple anti-TB drugs without resistance to Isoniazid and Rifampicin.

A single untreated patient with a positive sputum smear can infect 5 to 20 or more healthy individuals each year.

TB incidence in India over the last 5 years has been in the range of 40-60 cases per 100,000 population.

In South Africa, roughly 6% to 20% of cases with active TB are associated with HIV infection over the last five years.

TB is a significant cause of death in HIV patients. It accounts for 20-30% of deaths.

Approximately 1.0 million people globally died from TB in 2014.

Around 8.3 million new TB cases were reported worldwide in 2014.

Worldwide, TB is among the top causes of death from infectious diseases – ranked 1st or 5th to 8th globally, depending on how we measure ranking.

The TB incidence rate in Republic of Tatarstan in 2016 was roughly between ~80 and ~150 per 100,000 population

India accounts for a large share of new TB cases worldwide. It's approximately 10% to 40% depending on the year.

Russian Federation had the highest number of TB cases in approximately 1991, according to the provided data.

A significant portion of the global population (about one-tenth to one-third in specific areas) has been infected by TB, although many people never develop the active disease.

HIV-positive individuals represent approximately 10% to 30% of all TB active patients in South Africa.

The probability of contracting TB during their lifetime is about 10-20% for HIV patients.

Patients never treated for TB or with a treatment duration of less than 1 month are considered new cases of TB.

The percentage of new tuberculosis cases with multi-drug resistant TB in Russia is estimated to be between 6-10%.

Successful treatment of new TB cases during the initial chemotherapy phase can be hindered by slow changes in chest X-rays or symptoms, rather than slow growth of bacteria or common side effects.

Genetic mutations in the TB bacteria (M.tuberculosis) that cause drug resistance can be identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Secondary (acquired) resistance in TB bacteria happens when drug resistance develops during TB treatment (not from an initial resistant strain or relapse).

Multi-drug resistance in TB bacteria can develop within 2–3 months due to incorrect treatment.

Treatment for MDR-TB can extend to 18–24 months.

Secondary Tuberculosis is most commonly found in sections 3-4 of the lungs.

Primary tuberculosis is typically found in the upper part of the lungs.

Tomography is the radiologic method that provides the most detail about the internal structure of a chest X-ray.

Chest X-ray (AP and lateral) is the standard initial approach for assessing respiratory diseases.

Evaluate the rigidity of a chest X-ray film by comparing the intensity of shadows and ribs.

On an anterior-posterior chest X-ray, the position of S1 (section 1) corresponds to the second intercostal space..

In a healthy person, the upper diaphragm on a chest X-ray typically aligns with the 6th rib.

Segments 3, 4, and 5 of the lungs are predominantly seen on the back of a chest X-ray.

The normal position of the lung root is typically between the 2nd and 4th ribs.

The normal shape of the lung root is not round, but rather a more complex, polygonal or butterfly-like shape.

The upper part of the lung root is referred to as the 'head'.

Lower branches of the pulmonary artery are part of the "tail" of the lung root.

The right middle lung lobe comprises segments 5 and 6.

The pulmonary artery exits the mediastinum through its 'neck'.

On a lateral chest X-ray, the main fissure's projection is defined by the 5th rib.

Segment 8 is located at a lower, lateral position on a chest X-ray.

Segment 6 is found in front of the lung root on an anterior-to-posterior chest X-ray view.

A shadow smaller than 1.5 cm on a chest X-ray is classified as a 'focus'.

A shadow between 1.5 cm and 2/3 of the lung field is considered a 'limited shadow'.

A shadow larger than 2/3 of the lung field is labeled as a 'diffuse shadow'.

Several foci within two intercostal spaces on a chest X-ray are considered a "group of foci".

Many foci spanning more than two intercostal spaces usually denote dissemination.

A shadow with a density equal to the low edge/border of a rib is of 'middle intensity'.

Calcifications on a chest X-ray typically have a high density.

Infiltrates on a chest X-ray usually exhibit a density that is high or medium.