Tuberculosis for Medical Students
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Questions and Answers

What is the term for a calcified focus on Chest X-ray caused by a primary TB complex?

  • Pirogov’s focus
  • Ghon’s focus (correct)
  • Assman’s focus
  • Abricosov’s focus

    • Which of these individuals is known for originally describing multi-nuclear giant cells found in tuberculous granuloma?

  • M. tuberculosis
  • Pirogov-Langhans (correct)
  • Assman
  • Robert Koch

    • What type of organism is M. tuberculosis classified as?

  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria (correct)
  • Protozoa

    • Which vaccine was developed specifically for tuberculosis?

    <p>Calmette and Guerin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does M. tuberculosis maintain viability at 80ºC?

    <p>5 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average time required for the growth of M. tuberculosis in culture medium obtained clinically?

    <p>2-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for M. tuberculosis resistance to antitubercular drugs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of tuberculosis in humans?

    <p>M. leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transmission is typically associated with tuberculosis in the mesenteric lymph nodes?

    <p>Alimentary transmission of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main gate of TB infection in humans?

    <p>Lower respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which distance is sufficient for the transmission of sputum particles containing M. tuberculosis?

    <p>2 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The engulfment of M. tuberculosis by alveolar macrophages in a non-immunized host corresponds to which stage of infection?

    <p>1st stage of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reactivation of TB focus in lung tissue and formation of a cavity corresponds to which stage of infection?

    <p>4th stage of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is involved in TB inflammation?

    <p>Delayed-type hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What corresponds to the development of a nonnegative response to TST or PPD in an infected host?

    <p>2nd stage of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the expectoration of M. tuberculosis-containing sputum indicate in the context of TB infection?

    <p>4th stage of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many healthy persons may an untreated sputum smear positive patient annually infect?

    <p>50 healthy persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notified incidence of TB in India in the last 5 years?

    <p>100-150 new cases per 100,000 population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of HIV-associated active TB cases in South Africa falls between?

    <p>more than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the estimated number of deaths caused by TB worldwide in 2014?

    <p>1.0 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of patients with active TB in South Africa are estimated to be HIV-positive?

    <p>more than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was maximal morbidity of TB registered in the Russian Federation?

    <p>2008</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of the world's population is estimated to be infected with M. tuberculosis?

    <p>~1/3 of population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated lifetime probability of developing TB in an HIV-positive patient?

    <p>more than 60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the instillation of 15-20 ml of saline solution into the trachea?

    <p>bronchial washings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of M. tuberculosis contributes to its acid-fast characteristic?

    <p>mycolic acids of the cell capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of lipids is found in the cell capsule of M. tuberculosis?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of the BACTEC method compared to traditional culture methods?

    <p>detection of early signs of M.tuberculosis metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method offers the fastest diagnosis of drug resistance in tuberculosis?

    <p>PCR diagnostics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common reason for the selection of drug-resistant mutants in tuberculosis?

    <p>inadequate treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes secondary resistance in tuberculosis?

    <p>inadequate treatment for more than 1 month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does polyresistance in M.tuberculosis indicate?

    <p>resistance to two or more anti-tuberculosis drugs without resistance to Isoniazid &amp; Rifampicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of new cases of MDR-TB in Russia?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits successful treatment of new TB cases during the initial phase of chemotherapy?

    <p>High frequency of adverse reactions to anti-TB drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can detect genetic mutants of M.tuberculosis with drug resistance?

    <p>PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes acquired (secondary) resistance of M.tuberculosis?

    <p>Drug resistance developed during treatment of TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can resistance of M.tuberculosis develop when treated with inadequately chosen drugs?

    <p>4-6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increased duration of antituberculous treatment with MDR-TB?

    <p>18-24 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is the favorite localization for primary TB?

    <p>Lower lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for estimating the rigidity of a Chest X-ray film?

    <p>Comparing shadow intensity with ribs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal level of the diaphragm in a healthy person indicated on a chest X-ray?

    <p>5-th rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segments predominantly project on the back surface of the lung?

    <p>S3, S4, S5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal position of the lung root on a chest X-ray?

    <p>3rd intercostal space – 5-th rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape does the root of the lung normally have?

    <p>Cylindrical form of body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to the upper part of the lung root?

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shadow size is described as being more than 1.5 cm and less than 2/3 of the lung field?

    <p>Limited shadow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would a lot of foci occupying more than two intercostal spaces be classified as?

    <p>Dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which shadow has a density that equals the low border of a posterior rib?

    <p>Middle intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tuberculosis Manual for Medical Faculty Students

    • Document Type: Test questions and manual for 6th-year medical students.
    • Subject: Tuberculosis (TB)
    • Location: Kazan State Medical University, Russia
    • Date: 2017

    Chapter Summaries

    • History of TB: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by M. tuberculosis primarily affecting the lungs. Early descriptions of TB's clinical manifestations and epidemiology were given by figures like Aristotle and Avicenna. The infectious nature of TB was first suggested by others. The term "tuberculosis" was coined by a specific individual. A renowned Russian surgeon, Pirogov, significantly contributed to understanding various aspects of TB. Robert Koch played a key role in discovering M. tuberculosis.
    • Etiology and Pathogenesis of TB: The main cause of human tuberculosis is M. tuberculosis. Modifications in the structure of M. tuberculosis are mainly influenced by factors like chemotherapy or localization within the patient's body and age. M. tuberculosis can change form during chemotherapy. The resistance of M. tuberculosis to antitubercular drugs is connected to several mechanisms, including natural and acquired mutations in certain genetic genes.
    • Epidemiology of TB: Infection is a key epidemiological parameter, defined by the percentage of patients with certain characteristics. Incidence rate is the number of new cases per population unit over a specific time. Prevalence encompasses the total number of existing active TB cases within a population, expressed as a percentage. High prevalence and incidence rates exist in various countries.
    • Diagnosis of TB: The primary method for diagnosis involves testing for the presence of the tuberculosis bacillus in the sputum. This can be confirmed via methods like Ziehl-Neelsen stain techniques, and other tests, including PCR, to examine the DNA of the bacillus in question. This often determines treatment plans.
    • Tuberculin Skin Test: Uses tuberculin (PPD) for diagnosing TB. A positive result indicates exposure but doesn't definitively diagnose active TB. Different types, like PPD-S and PPD-L, have varying indications in various populations.
    • Microbiology of TB: M. tuberculosis is a bacterium. The development of drug-resistant variants of the bacteria is influenced by the choice and amount of drugs used to treat TB. These resistant variants may lead to complications later in the course of TB and treatment.
    • Chest X-ray: Used to visualize lung structures and identify abnormalities, especially in TB diagnosis. Specific patterns, like Ghon's focus, are often seen in early or developing TB. Various forms of TB are associated with specific kinds of chest X-ray results; this assists in diagnosis.
    • Clinical Forms of TB: Different clinical forms of TB include primary, secondary, and latent infections, as well as various complications associated with different types of TB.
    • Treatment of TB: Chemotherapy plays a core role during treatment. Specific drugs with detailed regimens and dosages are involved throughout this process. Careful attention is paid to ensuring the complete eradication of the bacterium. The choice of therapy hinges on factors such as the presence of drug resistance, and other health considerations.

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    MCQ-test Manual PDF - Tuberculosis Test - 6th Year Medical Students

    Description

    This quiz focuses on tuberculosis for 6th-year medical students. It covers topics such as the history, etiology, and pathogenesis of TB, alongside key figures in its discovery. Test your knowledge on essential TB concepts presented in the manual from Kazan State Medical University.

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