Tuberculosis Clinical Findings and Laboratory Diagnosis

Renal tuberculosis can present with symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and ______.

Patients deficient in cellular immunity, such as AIDS patients, are at higher risk for disseminated, life-threatening tuberculosis, including renal tuberculosis. In AIDS patients, reactivation of prior asymptomatic infection can lead to symptomatic renal ______.

Renal tuberculosis can manifest with symptoms such as hematuria and ______.

In the context of tuberculosis, renal involvement can lead to the development of ______ in the kidney.

Renal tuberculosis is often associated with poor housing and poor ______

Mycobacterium bovis, found in cow’s milk, can cause gastrointestinal tuberculosis in humans if the milk is not ______

Tuberculosis is almost exclusively a human disease, but Mycobacterium bovis also causes tuberculosis in ______

Most cases of tuberculosis are associated with reactivation in elderly, malnourished ______

Renal tuberculosis typically presents with dysuria, hematuria, and ______.

The urine of a patient with renal tuberculosis contains ______ cells.

Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) can be used to detect the presence of M.tuberculosis directly in clinical specimens such as ______.

The diagnosis of latent infections of renal tuberculosis can be done using the PPD skin test or an interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). A positive skin test result indicates previous infection by the organism but not necessarily active disease. The tuberculin test becomes positive 4 to 6 weeks after ______.