Biology - Hormones (Part 2)

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What is the menstrual cycle?

The monthly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus for pregnancy (correct)

The process of ovulation that occurs only once a year

The yearly sequence of events in which the female body releases an egg and prepares the uterus for pregnancy

The daily fluctuation of hormone levels in the female body

If pregnancy doesn't occur, the lining breaks down and the woman has a period. This is also known as what?

Menstruation (correct)

Ovulation

Fertilization

Gestation

The menstrual cycle usually lasts approximately how many days?

21

28 (correct)

35

14

What is ovulation?

Where an egg is released from a follicle in the ovaries Signup and view all the answers

Which day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation approximately occur?

14 Signup and view all the answers

Which hormones control the menstrual cycle? (Select all that apply)

FSH Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone involved in the menstrual cycle with where it is produced:

Progesterone = Ovaries FSH = Pituitary gland Oestrogen = Ovaries LH = Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Order the hormones involved with the menstrual cycle in the correct sequence based on when they are involved in the cycle. Remember, each hormone causes the next one to be released as a consequence.

1 = FSH 2 = Oestrogen 3 = LH 4 = Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone involved with the menstrual cycle with its job:

FSH = Follicles mature Oestrogen = Lining thickens LH = Ovulation Progesterone = Keeps lining thick and inhibits FSH & LH Signup and view all the answers

What causes progesterone to be produced in the ovaries?

The breaking down of the empty follicle/corpus luteum Signup and view all the answers

Where is FSH produced and what is its job?

FSH is produced in the pituitary gland and its job is to make the follicles mature. Signup and view all the answers

Where is oestrogen produced and what is its job?

Oestrogen is produced in the ovaries and its job is to cause the lining of the uterus to thicken Signup and view all the answers

Where is LH produced and what is its job?

LH is produced in the pitruitary gland and its job is to cause ovulation which is to release an egg from its follicle. Signup and view all the answers

Where is progesterone produced and what is its job?

Progesterone is produced in the ovaries and its job is to keep the uterus lining thick while it inhibits the production of FSH and LH. Signup and view all the answers

The breaking down of the lining of the uterus is called 2 things, what are they?

Menstruation and a period. Signup and view all the answers

Order the following steps of the menstrual cycle (part 1):

Step 2 = FSH is produced by the pituitary gland Step 3 = This stimulated the egg being produced in the follicle Step 4 = This encourages the production of oestrogen in the ovaries Step 1 = Day 1 - start of menstruation (lining of uterus is still breaking down) Signup and view all the answers

Order the following steps of the menstrual cycle (part 2):

Step 5 = Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken Step 7 = This triggers ovulation on day 14 where the egg is released by the follicle Step 8 = Follicle develops into the corpus luteum Step 6 = This stimulates a surge in LH produced in the pitruitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Order the following steps of the menstrual cycle (part 3):

Step 9 = The corpus luteum causes progesterone to be produced in the ovaries Step 10b = This inhibits FSH and LH and so progesterone levels remain high during pregnancy Step 10a = This maintains the lining of the uterus Step 11a = Uterus lining breaks down (if there is no fertilization) Signup and view all the answers

Describe and explain the steps involved in the menstrual cycle.

Day 1 - start of menstruation (lining of uterus is still breaking down). FSH is produced by the pituitary gland. This stimulated the egg being produced in the follicle. This encourages the production of oestrogen in the ovaries. Oestrogen causes the uterus lining to thicken. This stimulates a surge in LH produced in the pitruitary gland. This triggers ovulation on day 14 where the egg is released by the follicle. Follicle develops into the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum causes progesterone to be produced in the ovaries. This maintains the lining of the uterus. Progesterone also inhibits FSH and LH and so progesterone levels remain high during pregnancy. The uterus lining breaks down (if there is no fertilization). Signup and view all the answers

Male condoms are placed over the _ penis while female condoms are inserted into the __.

erect, vagina Signup and view all the answers

Diaphragms or caps are placed over the _____ - the entrance to the uterus.

cervix Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct way in which barrier methods of contraception prevent pregnancy.

Stopping the sperm from meeting the egg Signup and view all the answers

Select the 2 ways in which hormonal methods of contraception work.

Prevent ovulation - no eggs to fertilise Signup and view all the answers

Match the way in which hormonal methods of contraception work with the hormone that is used:

Prevent ovulation - no eggs to fertilise = Oestrogen Stimulate production of thick cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperm = Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Why is the hormone oestrogen used to prevent ovulation?

If the levels of oestrogen in the blood are high it prevents FSH production. This causes no eggs to fertilise. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the hormone progesterone used for a method of contraception?

Progesterone stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperm. Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct types of hormonal contraceptives: (Select all that apply)

Contraceptive patch worn on skin Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of hormonal contraceptives with the hormone(s) they contain:

Mini-pill = Progesterone Implant injected under skin = Progesterone Combined pill - taken daily = Oestrogen & Progesterone Contraceptive patch worn on skin = Oestrogen & Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Match the methods that prevent pregnancy with how effective they are:

Hormones = 99% Condoms = 98% Diaphragms = 92-96% Signup and view all the answers

Match the advantages and disadvantages of how condoms and hormones prevent pregnancy:

Advantage of hormonal methods = You don't have to 'stop and think'! Advantage of condoms = They prevent STI's (sexually transmitted infections) Disadvantage of condoms = You have to 'stop and think'! Disadvantage of hormonal methods = They give no protection against STI's and they can cause side effects Signup and view all the answers

Select the possible side effects of taking hormonal methods of contraception (Select all that apply)

Acne Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if a person is infertile?

They can't reproduce naturally Signup and view all the answers

What are the two methods of assisted reproductive technology (ART) that we need to know?

Clomifene therapy and IVF Signup and view all the answers

How is clomifene therapy useful as a method of 'ART'?

A hormone treatment useful for women who don't ovulate or ovulate irregularly. Signup and view all the answers

Order the steps of clomifene therapy:

Step 1 = Causes more FSH and LH to be released into the blood Step 2 = This stimulates egg maturation and production Step 3 = The couple then know when the women is ovulating Step 4 = This makes fertilization more likely when they have intercourse during this period Signup and view all the answers

Describe and explain the steps of clomifene therapy.

Clomifene therapy causes more FSH and LH to be released into the blood. This stimulates egg maturation and production. The couple then know when the women is ovulating. This makes fertilization more likely when they have intercourse during this period. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'IVF' stand for?

in vitro fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Select the reasons for why IVF might be used.

If a man is unable to produce enough sperm of suitable quality Signup and view all the answers

Order the steps of In Vitro Fertilization (IVF):

Step 1 = An egg (ovum) is removed from the woman (or a donor egg is used) Step 2 = Sperm is introduced to the egg outside the body Step 3 = The fertilised egg is then returned to the woman's uterus Step 4 = This increases the likelihood of the woman becoming pregnant Signup and view all the answers

Describe and explain the steps of IVF.

An egg (ovum) is removed from the woman (or a donor egg is used). The sperm is then introduced to the egg outside of the body. The fertilised egg is then returned to the woman's uterus. This increases the likelihood of the woman becoming pregnant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the nickname for babies born from the process of IVF?

'test tube babies' Signup and view all the answers

Match the aspects of IVF with whether they are an advantage or a disadvantage:

Low medical risk = Advantage Spare embryos are used for stem cell research or are frozen and stored = Advantage Very expensive = Disadvantage Ethical concerns (e.g. wanting eggs with desirable traits) = Disadvantage Signup and view all the answers