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Questions and Answers
Which medication is commonly linked with falls and hip fractures in older adults when used to treat Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
Which medication is commonly linked with falls and hip fractures in older adults when used to treat Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
- Venlafaxine
- Benzodiazepines (correct)
- Paroxetine
- Clomipramine
What is a distinctive feature of Panic Control Treatment (PCT) for Panic Disorder?
What is a distinctive feature of Panic Control Treatment (PCT) for Panic Disorder?
- Establishing a fear hierarchy
- Exposing patients to interoceptive sensations (correct)
- Using images to feel anxious
- Structured and consistent exposure-based exercises
Which cognitive-behavioral program helps patients establish a fear hierarchy and demonstrate breathing skills for Panic Disorder?
Which cognitive-behavioral program helps patients establish a fear hierarchy and demonstrate breathing skills for Panic Disorder?
- ERP
- Calm Tools for Living (correct)
- Cognitive Therapy Program
- Panic Control Treatment (PCT)
What treatment is considered most effective for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
What treatment is considered most effective for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
Which SSRI is mentioned as a treatment for both Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder?
Which SSRI is mentioned as a treatment for both Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder?
Which disorder's treatment primarily involves teaching people to assign different values to objects and reducing anxiety about discarding them?
Which disorder's treatment primarily involves teaching people to assign different values to objects and reducing anxiety about discarding them?
Which therapeutic approach is often better for Social Anxiety Disorder if the parents also have an anxiety disorder?
Which therapeutic approach is often better for Social Anxiety Disorder if the parents also have an anxiety disorder?
What is the primary focus of cognitive treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
What is the primary focus of cognitive treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?
What psychological treatment involves deeply relaxing oneself to combat tension for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
What psychological treatment involves deeply relaxing oneself to combat tension for Generalized Anxiety Disorder?
What procedure is most often received by individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
What procedure is most often received by individuals with Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Which environmental treatment for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder involves moving bedtime gradually?
Which environmental treatment for Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder involves moving bedtime gradually?
What pharmacological treatment is used for Nightmares (or Nightmare Disorder)?
What pharmacological treatment is used for Nightmares (or Nightmare Disorder)?
Which treatment for Sleep Terrors involves waking the patient before the terror occurs?
Which treatment for Sleep Terrors involves waking the patient before the terror occurs?
Which technique for treating sexual dysfunction focuses on reducing performance anxiety and pressure?
Which technique for treating sexual dysfunction focuses on reducing performance anxiety and pressure?
What is the main purpose of biofeedback in treating physical disorders?
What is the main purpose of biofeedback in treating physical disorders?
Which treatment involves focusing attention on a repeated syllable or mantra?
Which treatment involves focusing attention on a repeated syllable or mantra?
Which drug is known as a 'Chemical Castration' drug used in treating Paraphilic Disorders?
Which drug is known as a 'Chemical Castration' drug used in treating Paraphilic Disorders?
What psychosocial treatment for Paraphilic Disorders is carried out entirely in the imagination of the patient?
What psychosocial treatment for Paraphilic Disorders is carried out entirely in the imagination of the patient?
What treatment for Gender Dysphoria involves non-reversible procedures?
What treatment for Gender Dysphoria involves non-reversible procedures?
Which treatment for premature ejaculation involves applying pressure to the penis to prevent ejaculation?
Which treatment for premature ejaculation involves applying pressure to the penis to prevent ejaculation?
Which antidepressant is best known for being an SSRI?
Which antidepressant is best known for being an SSRI?
What is the primary goal in treating Anorexia Nervosa?
What is the primary goal in treating Anorexia Nervosa?
Which of the following treatments is specifically indicated for Bulimia Nervosa?
Which of the following treatments is specifically indicated for Bulimia Nervosa?
Which treatment is NOT used for Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder?
Which treatment is NOT used for Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder?
Which medication is effective during the bingeing and purging cycle in Bulimia Nervosa?
Which medication is effective during the bingeing and purging cycle in Bulimia Nervosa?
Which medication is known for its side effects including toxicity and substantial weight gain?
Which medication is known for its side effects including toxicity and substantial weight gain?
Which type of antidepressant is associated with the risk of hypertensive episodes if certain foods are consumed?
Which type of antidepressant is associated with the risk of hypertensive episodes if certain foods are consumed?
Which treatment is used to regulate circadian rhythm in Bipolar Disorder?
Which treatment is used to regulate circadian rhythm in Bipolar Disorder?
Which diet program focuses on carbohydrate restriction?
Which diet program focuses on carbohydrate restriction?
Which treatment is specifically recommended for Conversion Disorder?
Which treatment is specifically recommended for Conversion Disorder?
What is the aim of the 'Paradoxical intention' technique in treating insomnia?
What is the aim of the 'Paradoxical intention' technique in treating insomnia?
Which treatment is most suitable for Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder?
Which treatment is most suitable for Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder?
Which drug is a mixed reuptake inhibitor?
Which drug is a mixed reuptake inhibitor?
Which sleep treatment is characterized by altering beliefs and attitudes about sleeping?
Which sleep treatment is characterized by altering beliefs and attitudes about sleeping?
What is the primary method used to prevent suicide in individuals at risk?
What is the primary method used to prevent suicide in individuals at risk?
Which treatment method involves using electric shock to produce a seizure?
Which treatment method involves using electric shock to produce a seizure?
Which medical treatment is specifically indicated for treating insomnia?
Which medical treatment is specifically indicated for treating insomnia?
What is a treatment goal for Dissociative Identity Disorder?
What is a treatment goal for Dissociative Identity Disorder?
Which statement is true about tricyclic antidepressants?
Which statement is true about tricyclic antidepressants?
Which therapy specifically focuses on resolving interpersonal conflicts and building new relationships?
Which therapy specifically focuses on resolving interpersonal conflicts and building new relationships?
Which treatment option is not recommended for maintaining abstinence from alcohol?
Which treatment option is not recommended for maintaining abstinence from alcohol?
Which of the following is a medication used to help individuals withdrawing from opiates?
Which of the following is a medication used to help individuals withdrawing from opiates?
What is the primary goal of the first step in treating substance-related disorders?
What is the primary goal of the first step in treating substance-related disorders?
Which principle of effective treatment emphasizes adapting the plan to meet changing needs?
Which principle of effective treatment emphasizes adapting the plan to meet changing needs?
Which medication is used to reduce alcohol craving in abstinent individuals?
Which medication is used to reduce alcohol craving in abstinent individuals?
What approach involves letting expressed gender unfold naturally in children?
What approach involves letting expressed gender unfold naturally in children?
Which form of therapy is critical for effective treatment for addiction?
Which form of therapy is critical for effective treatment for addiction?
Which of the following is not a commonly used form of nicotine replacement therapy?
Which of the following is not a commonly used form of nicotine replacement therapy?
Which statement about medical detoxification is correct?
Which statement about medical detoxification is correct?
Which medication is commonly offered as a heroin substitute?
Which medication is commonly offered as a heroin substitute?
Which of the following antipsychotic medications are considered atypical or second-generation?
Which of the following antipsychotic medications are considered atypical or second-generation?
What is the primary focus of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of schizophrenia?
What is the primary focus of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in the treatment of schizophrenia?
Which psychological intervention is NOT listed as a treatment for Tourette's Disorder?
Which psychological intervention is NOT listed as a treatment for Tourette's Disorder?
Which psychosocial intervention involves teaching clients new social skills through role-playing and real-world practice?
Which psychosocial intervention involves teaching clients new social skills through role-playing and real-world practice?
What is the first line of treatment recommended for delirium?
What is the first line of treatment recommended for delirium?
In the treatment of schizophrenia among the Xhosa people of South Africa, which of the following is NOT typically used?
In the treatment of schizophrenia among the Xhosa people of South Africa, which of the following is NOT typically used?
What is the primary goal of psychosocial intervention in treating delirium?
What is the primary goal of psychosocial intervention in treating delirium?
Which treatment sometimes used by Kisii tribal doctors involves the physical manipulation of the skull?
Which treatment sometimes used by Kisii tribal doctors involves the physical manipulation of the skull?
Which medication is used to treat delirium brought on by withdrawal from alcohol?
Which medication is used to treat delirium brought on by withdrawal from alcohol?
What psychological technique is used in behavioral family therapy for schizophrenia?
What psychological technique is used in behavioral family therapy for schizophrenia?
What do new medications for Alzheimer's Disease aim to prevent?
What do new medications for Alzheimer's Disease aim to prevent?
What was the primary risk associated with Insulin Coma Therapy in treating schizophrenia?
What was the primary risk associated with Insulin Coma Therapy in treating schizophrenia?
Which culture is noted for its reliance on family support in the treatment of schizophrenia?
Which culture is noted for its reliance on family support in the treatment of schizophrenia?
What multidisciplinary program aims to provide broad-ranging treatment for schizophrenia?
What multidisciplinary program aims to provide broad-ranging treatment for schizophrenia?
What do clinicians aim to reattach through psychosocial interventions?
What do clinicians aim to reattach through psychosocial interventions?
What is a significant aspect of therapy for Paranoid Personality Disorder?
What is a significant aspect of therapy for Paranoid Personality Disorder?
Which therapeutic technique is NOT typically used for Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Which therapeutic technique is NOT typically used for Schizoid Personality Disorder?
Which medication might be used to treat Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
Which medication might be used to treat Schizotypal Personality Disorder?
What is one common reason therapists are pessimistic about treating Antisocial Personality Disorder in adults?
What is one common reason therapists are pessimistic about treating Antisocial Personality Disorder in adults?
Comprehensive treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder often emphasizes:
Comprehensive treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder often emphasizes:
Behavioral intervention techniques for Avoidant Personality Disorder may include:
Behavioral intervention techniques for Avoidant Personality Disorder may include:
What is a key challenge in treating patients with Dependent Personality Disorder?
What is a key challenge in treating patients with Dependent Personality Disorder?
What underlying issue is often addressed in therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?
What underlying issue is often addressed in therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a common focus of therapy for Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a common focus of therapy for Histrionic Personality Disorder?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of taking Disulfiram (Antabuse) for alcohol dependency?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of taking Disulfiram (Antabuse) for alcohol dependency?
What is the goal of cognitive therapy for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
What is the goal of cognitive therapy for Narcissistic Personality Disorder?
What is the primary tool used in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) to help treat alcoholism?
What is the primary tool used in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) to help treat alcoholism?
Which of the following therapies focuses on improving beliefs about positive outcomes from behavioral changes?
Which of the following therapies focuses on improving beliefs about positive outcomes from behavioral changes?
What is a primary feature of inpatient facilities for substance abuse treatment?
What is a primary feature of inpatient facilities for substance abuse treatment?
What common misperception might a client have concerning cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in addressing substance use disorders?
What common misperception might a client have concerning cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in addressing substance use disorders?
Which psychosocial treatment involves acknowledging alcohol addiction and its destructive effects?
Which psychosocial treatment involves acknowledging alcohol addiction and its destructive effects?
Which treatment method combines with saliva to produce a bad taste, serving as an aversive method?
Which treatment method combines with saliva to produce a bad taste, serving as an aversive method?
Which of the twelve steps involves making amends to those harmed, except where it would cause injury?
Which of the twelve steps involves making amends to those harmed, except where it would cause injury?
Which of the following treatments focuses on working with a clinician to select behaviors and reinforcers?
Which of the following treatments focuses on working with a clinician to select behaviors and reinforcers?
Which therapy method is specifically designed to address multiple facets of a person’s drug problem and life aspects that might contribute to substance use?
Which therapy method is specifically designed to address multiple facets of a person’s drug problem and life aspects that might contribute to substance use?
Which medication is NOT typically used as a stimulant in treating ADHD?
Which medication is NOT typically used as a stimulant in treating ADHD?
Which teaching strategy involves arranging the environment to foster child interest?
Which teaching strategy involves arranging the environment to foster child interest?
What is a key component of treating Intellectual Disability in individuals with severe disabilities?
What is a key component of treating Intellectual Disability in individuals with severe disabilities?
Which of the following interventions is typically NOT used for treating Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?
Which of the following interventions is typically NOT used for treating Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder?
In Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for ADHD in adults, what is NOT a primary focus?
In Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for ADHD in adults, what is NOT a primary focus?
Which of the following is NOT typically part of specific learning disorder interventions?
Which of the following is NOT typically part of specific learning disorder interventions?
For Autism Spectrum Disorder, which treatment is least likely to be effective for everyone?
For Autism Spectrum Disorder, which treatment is least likely to be effective for everyone?
Which method is used in behavioral intervention for Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder to improve speech?
Which method is used in behavioral intervention for Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder to improve speech?
Which biological treatment is NOT used for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which biological treatment is NOT used for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Which of the following disorders might require self-monitoring as part of the intervention?
Which of the following disorders might require self-monitoring as part of the intervention?
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Study Notes
Treatment of Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
- Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder: Treatment involves reassurance, education, and reducing help-seeking behaviors. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medications (SSRIs, such as paroxetine) are also effective.
Treatment of Dissociative Disorders
- Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Psychological treatments similar to those for panic disorder are helpful, and addressing stressors associated with the disorder's onset is essential.
- Dissociative Fugue: Treatment involves recalling events during the amnesic or fugue state, often with the help of friends and family, and using hypnosis or benzodiazepines to aid in memory recovery.
- Dissociative Identity Disorder: Treatment involves identifying and neutralizing cues that trigger memories of trauma, confronting and reliving the trauma, and using hypnosis to access unconscious memories.
Treatment of Mood Disorders
- Depression: Antidepressant medications, including SSRIs (e.g., fluoxetine), mixed reuptake inhibitors (e.g., venlafaxine), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., imipramine), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (e.g., phenelzine), are effective treatments.
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): A controversial treatment for treatment-resistant depression, involving the administration of electric shock to the brain to produce a seizure.
Treatment of Eating Disorders
- Bulimia Nervosa: Fluoxetine (Prozac) is an effective medication, and cognitive-behavioral treatments (e.g., CBT-E) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are also helpful.
- Binge-Eating Disorder: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) are effective treatments.
- Anorexia Nervosa: The primary goal is to restore the patient's weight, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a helpful treatment approach.
Treatment of Sleep-Wake Disorders
- Insomnia: Medical treatments include benzodiazepines (e.g., triazolam) and non-benzodiazepines (e.g., zaleplon), and psychological treatments include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and relaxation techniques.
Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Benzodiazepines and antidepressant medications (SSRIs) are effective treatments, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and relaxation techniques are also helpful.
- Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia: Gradual exposure exercises and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are effective treatments, and medications such as antidepressants and benzodiazepines can be used in conjunction with therapy.
Treatment of Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Psychoanalytic therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and exposure and response prevention (ERP) are effective treatments, and medications such as antidepressants and anxiolytics can be used in conjunction with therapy.
Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is a highly effective treatment, and medications such as clomipramine (Anafranil) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are also effective.
Treatment of Personality Disorders
- Borderline Personality Disorder: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) are effective treatments, and medications such as antidepressants and mood stabilizers can be used in conjunction with therapy.
Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders
- Principles of Effective Treatment: No single treatment is right for everyone, and treatment should be readily available, address multiple needs, and be continually assessed and modified.
- Medical Treatments: Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and nicotine replacement therapy can be effective in treating substance use disorders.
Treatment of Gender Dysphoria
- Treatment of Gender Dysphoria: Psychological evaluation and education, hormone therapy, and sex reassignment surgery are effective treatments for gender dysphoria.### Recovery Programs
- AA (Alcoholics Anonymous) is a program of recovery from alcoholism only
- AA's 12 Steps: tried to carry the message to alcoholics and practice principles in all affairs
Alternative Recovery Programs
- Cocaine Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous
- Rational Recovery
- Moderation Management
- Women for Sobriety
- SMART Recovery
- Component Treatment
- Contingency Management: clinician and client select behaviors to change and reinforcers to reward goals
- Community Reinforcement Approach: addresses multiple aspects of drug problem to help identify and correct contributing factors
Treatment of Schizophrenia
- In Kenya, traditional healers use unique methods to treat hallucinations
- Biological Interventions:
- Insulin Coma Therapy: abandoned due to high risk of illness and death
- Psychosurgery: not effective
- Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: treats hallucinations using magnetic fields
- Antipsychotic Medications:
- Neuroleptics: dopamine antagonists, first-generation (e.g., Haldol, Thorazine) and second-generation (e.g., Risperidone, Olanzapine)
- Psychosocial Interventions:
- Clinicians teach social skills, divide complex skills into parts, and practice role-playing
- Programs teach adapting to disorder and living in the community
- Virtual assessments and treatments provide controlled environments
- Behavioral family therapy: educates family about schizophrenia, relieves guilt, and improves communication skills
- Vocational Rehabilitation: supportive employment with coaches for job training
- Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Program: multidisciplinary team provides broad treatment
Treatment of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD):
- Psychosocial Interventions: improve academic performance, decrease disruptive behavior, and teach social skills
- Reinforcement programs: reward improvements, punish misbehavior
Treatment of Personality Disorders
- Cluster A Personality Disorders:
- Paranoid Personality Disorder: unlikely to seek help, therapy focuses on trust and cognitive therapy
- Schizoid Personality Disorder: rare to seek treatment, therapy focuses on social relationships and empathy
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder: treatment includes medical and psychological treatments for depression, social skills training, and antipsychotic medication
- Cluster B Personality Disorders:
- Antisocial Personality Disorder: rare to identify as needing treatment, therapy focuses on incarceration and identifying high-risk children
- Borderline Personality Disorder: symptomatic treatment using drugs, therapy focuses on distress and seeking treatment
- Cluster C Personality Disorders:
- Avoidant Personality Disorder: behavioral intervention techniques for anxiety and social skills problems
- Dependent Personality Disorder: therapy focuses on independence and decision-making
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder: therapy attacks underlying fears
Other Personality Disorder Treatments
- Mood stabilizers
- Anticonvulsive and antipsychotic drugs
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
- Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Treatment of Neurocognitive Disorders
- Tourette's Disorder: psychological intervention, self-monitoring, relaxation training, and habit reversal
- Delirium: haloperidol or antipsychotic medication, psychosocial intervention to reassure and maintain control
- Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease: management involves lists, maps, and notes to maintain orientation, new medications prevent acetylcholine breakdown and delay decline
Helpful Strategies for Managing Behavioral Challenges
- Teaching Families to Respond Constructively: encourage parents to respond constructively and structure the child's day
- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): reduces distractibility and improves organizational skills, helpful for ADHD in adults
- Biological Interventions: stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall), non-stimulant medications (e.g., Atomoxetine, Guanfacine), and specific learning disorder interventions
- Direct Instruction: systematic instruction in small groups, mastery teaching
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: psychosocial treatments focus on skill building, communication, and socialization, biological treatments include major tranquilizers and SSRIs
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