Transportation in Plants

• Transportation and life processes are essential for living organisms
• This includes how plants and the human body conducts physiological processes

Transportation

• The process moves substances either synthesized or absorbed, from one body part to another

Transportation in Plants

• Plants require minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium
• Soil acts as the primary source of these minerals and is absorbed through the roots
• Xylem tissue transports water
• Phloem tissue transports food
• Conducting tissues connect all plant parts

Transportation of Water in Plants

• Root cells are in contact with water and minerals in the soil
• Differences in concentration cause water and minerals to enter root cells, creating turgidity
• Turgid cells exert pressure, known as root pressure, on adjacent cells
• This pressure helps water and minerals reach the xylem
• Water and minerals are continuously pushed forward to reduce concentration differences
• Continuous movement forms a water column, lifting water in shrubs, small plants, and trees

Transpiration

• Plants release water vapor through stomata found on leaves
• Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata
• Transpiration releases water into the atmosphere through evaporation, lowering water levels in the epidermal layer of leaves
• Xylem provides water to leaves, compensating for water loss
• Transpiration aids water and mineral absorption and distribution, while root pressure primarily pushes water during the night
• An oak tree releases about 151,000 liters of water into the air annually via transpiration
• A maize crop releases 11,400 to 15,100 liters of water per acre daily

Transportation of Food and Other Substances in Plants

• The process is called ‘translocation'
• Its involves transporting food produced in leaves to each cell, also excess food (except amino acids) is stored in roots, fruits, and seeds
• Translocation occurs upward and downward through the phloem and it requires energy in the form of ATP
• Sucrose is transported via the phloem using ATP, decreasing water concentration
• Water then enters cells via diffusion, increasing pressure on the cell wall
• Increased pressure pushes food to neighboring cells with lower pressure
• This process facilitates phloem transport based on the plant's needs
• During flowering, sugar stored in roots or stems moves to floral buds to aid their opening

Excretion

• Harmful wastes like urea, uric acid, and ammonia can cause harm or death if retained in the body
• Waste removal is called excretion
• Unicellular organisms eliminate waste directly
• Multicellular organisms do it in a more complex ways

Excretion in Plants

• Leaves, fruits, and flowers falling off are means of excretion in plants
• There is no special organ or system for excretion in plants as gaseous substances are given out by diffusion
• Waste is stored in leaf-cell vacuoles, flowers, fruits, and bark
• Waste materials are stored as resin and gum in old xylem

Excretion in Human Beings

• Metabolic activities produce waste carried out by an excretory system
• The human excretory system includes a pair of kidneys, ureters, a urinary bladder, and a urethra
• Kidneys form urine by filtering waste/excess substances, thus separating from the blood

Excretory system and kidneys

• Kidneys are situated on either side of the vertebral column
• Basic filtration takes place in the functional unit known as a nephron
• Each nephron features cup-like Bowman's capsule, containing a glomerulus capillary network
• Urea made in the liver goes into the blood, filtering through the glomerulus and urea is separated out
• Small molecules cross Bowman's capsule semipermeable membrane
• Water and useful substances are reabsorbed into the blood in the tubular nephron part
• The remaining waste-filled solution forms urine, carried by the ureters to be stored in the urinary bladder before exiting via the urethra
• The urinary bladder is muscular and controlled by nerves, allowing for urination control
• In addition to the kidneys, skin and lungs also assist in waste excretion
• Each kidney contains approximately a million nephrons
• Kidneys filter about 190 liters of blood daily, producing 1 to 1.9 liters of urine
• The remaining liquid gets reabsorbed

Dialysis

• The Efficiency of kidneys can be affected by injury
• The buildup of toxicity can cause death
• Dialysis is a man- made process to filter blood, sending ~500ml through machine and reinfused

Co-ordination

• It's the systematic flow regulation of bodily functions
• It's the successful completion of body function and activities
• It involves activities from internal and external stimuli, like, body temperature, water level, stimuli in environment

Co-ordination in plants

• Plant do not have nervous system or muscular system like animals.
• Plants mainly move in response to the stimuli

Tropism

• Movement or growth of any part of the plant
• Its is in response to an external stimulus

Movement in Plant

• Phototropic movement:
• Movement towards the source of light
• Gravitropic movement:
• In the roots
• In response to Gravitation
• Hydrotropic movement:
• In the roots
• In response to Water

Chemotropic movment

• Movement shown by plants in response to specific chemicals

Co-ordination in Human Being

• Body functions through integration of nervous system, oragan system stimulus responses

Human Nervous System

Is done to integrate and properly controlles all process

Neurons (Nerve Cells)

• Neurons are the structural and functional units of the nervous system and are special types of cells which conduct impulses from one place to another in the body
• The largest cells in the the human body
• Generates electro-chemical impulses
• Neuroglia are cells that supports nerve cells, and its function
• Together, nerve cells + neuroglial = forms nerves

Nueron

• Is where information about our surrounding, is collected
• Are where Chemical process triggers electric impulses
• Are transffered in the the dendrites to the cell body from the cell body to the axon and from* the axon to its terminal Now the impulse that reaches the terminal of an axon, stimulates the nerve cell to secrete certain chemicals. These chemicals pass through a minute space, called the Synapse, between two adjacent neurons and generate the impulse in the dendrites of next neuron. In this way, impulses are conducted in the body and these impulses are finally conveyed by nerve cells to muscle cells or glands.

Types of Nerve Cells/Neurons

• Sensory Neurons*:
  • Function: Conduct impulses from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord.
• Motor Neurons*:
  • Function: Conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to effector organs like muscles or glands.
• Association Neurons*:
  • Function: Perform the function of integration within the nervous system.

Structure

• *Central Nervous System (CNS)**:
  • The brain is protected by the cranial cavity
  • Central canal connects to ventricles

Brain:

• Cerebrum*:
  • Its helps controll voluntary movements, concentration, planning, intelligence, and intellectual activities.
• Cerebellum*:
  • Co-ordinates to controll voluntary movement -. Controll to Maintaining body balance.
• Medulla Oblongata*: Controls involuntory activities like beat of heart, breathing
• *Spinal ord **: Functions to conduct impulses to brain

Peripheral nervous system

• The peripheral nervous consist of nerves originating from the Central Nervous system
• The nerves connvest
• Cranial nerves:* Comes of Brain 12 pairs
• Spinal nereves:* Comeds of Spinal cord 31 pairs
• Autonomic nervous system*: Is not under control heart, lungs stochm etc

Reflex action

• It is spontatniouse response from stimuti

Chemical Control

• Chemical substances control our body that is colled Hormone. The are secreted by edocrine glands

• These glands does not have any store arrangement. As soon as it produced released in blood

• Pituitary Gland*:

  • Hormones Secreted: Growth Hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Prolactin, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, ADH
  • Functions: Growth and development of the body and bones, production of secondary hormones

• Thyroid Gland*:

  • Hormones Secreted: Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine, Calcitonin
  • Functions: Metabolic Rate

• Parathyroid Gland*:

  • Hormones Secreted: PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
  • Functions: Blood calcium

• Adrenal Gland*:

  • Hormones Secreted: Cortisol, Norepinephrine,
  • Functions: Increase glucose

• Pancreas:*

  • Hormones Secreted: Glucagon, Insulin

• Testes:*

  • Hormones Secreted: Testosterone

• Functions: Increase of muscle mass and strength, and bone density.

• Ovaries:*

  • Hormones Secreted: Progesterone
  • Functions: Responsible for changes in the uterus during the menstrual cycle and prepares the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg; responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females

Explore how plants transport essential minerals and water from the soil to different parts of the plant. Learn about the roles of xylem and phloem tissues in facilitating the movement of substances. Understand the concept of root pressure and its contribution to water transport.