Transplantation and Tissue Engineering Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of graft involves tissues transplanted from the same individual?

  • Autograft (correct)
  • Synthetic graft
  • Xenograft
  • Allograft

    • Which term describes tissues that are frozen at a controlled rate with cryoprotectant?

  • Hydrated
  • Cryopreserved (correct)
  • Freeze-Dried
  • Desiccated

    • What is defined as the validated length of time a medical product can be stored after sterilization?

  • Shelf Life (correct)
  • Expiration date
  • Usability Duration
  • Storage Period

    • Which material type refers to substances derived from living systems?

    <p>Biologic Material (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process aims to reduce immunological reactions by removing cells from tissues?

    <p>Decellularization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of graft involves tissue transplanted from a donor of the same species?

    <p>Allograft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a substance is ready to use directly out of the package?

    <p>Hydrated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that minimizes contamination of donor tissue in a controlled environment?

    <p>Aseptic processing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Matracell technology in the processing of Dermacell?

    <p>To remove cell remnants and donor DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a Sterility Assurance Level (SAL) of 10-6 indicate?

    <p>There is a 1 in 1,000,000 chance of a microorganism being present (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does terminal sterilization affect Dermacell?

    <p>It ensures the graft has no more than a 1 in 1 million chance of microorganisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cross-linking play in tissue processing?

    <p>It stabilizes the structural integrity of materials (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a scaffold in the context of wound healing?

    <p>A framework for host tissue cells to grow into (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the wound healing process?

    <p>To assist in the breakdown of proteins in the extracellular matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of wound healing do M1 macrophages primarily operate?

    <p>Inflammatory phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the revitalization process of a tissue graft?

    <p>Repopulation and vascularization of the grafted tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the wound healing process?

    <p>Signaling cellular activity during inflammation and remodeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does enzyme resistance affect tissue grafts in healing?

    <p>It prevents the breakdown of the graft by enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is found primarily in skin and blood vessels?

    <p>Type III Collagen (B), Type I Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions without changing itself?

    <p>Enzyme (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of M2 macrophages in wound healing?

    <p>To assist in the remodeling phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the removal of DNA residuals during the wound healing process?

    <p>It ensures better biocompatibility of the bio-implant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of collagenase in wound healing?

    <p>To break down collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the 'janitor' role of M1 macrophages?

    <p>Engulfing and removing particulates and debris (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines a biohospitable material in wound healing?

    <p>Facilitates recipient cellular infiltration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary component forms scar tissue?

    <p>Fibroblasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the destruction or dissolution of tissue through biochemical activity?

    <p>Resorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What inflammatory response is marked by increased blood flow and leukocyte activity?

    <p>Inflammation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves both the synthesis and resorption of tissue?

    <p>Remodeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Synthetic Material

    Substances derived from non-living sources such as metals, ceramics and polymers.

    Biologic Material

    Substances derived from living systems such as humans, animals, and cells.

    Autograft

    Tissues transplanted within the same individual.

    Allograft

    Tissue transplanted from an individual of one species into a different individual in the same species.

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    Xenograft

    Tissues transplanted from one species into a different species.

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    Freeze-Dried

    A hydrated substance that is frozen and has all water removed using a vacuum without thawing.

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    Cryopreserved

    Tissue that is frozen at a controlled rate and contains cryo-protectant to maintain viability and matrix integrity.

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    Aseptic Processing

    Technique for cleaning and shaping donor tissue or other medical products in a clean room environment in an attempt to minimize the introduction of bacteria and other contaminates.

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    Decellularization

    The process of removing cells and their DNA from a tissue, leaving behind a structural framework. This makes the tissue less likely to be rejected by the recipient's body.

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    Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)

    A measure of the probability of a single viable microorganism being present on a product. For example, a SAL of 10-6 means there is a 1 in 1,000,000 chance of a single microbe being present.

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    Terminal Sterilization

    The process of sterilizing a material after it has been packaged, usually using irradiation or heat.

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    Cross-linking

    The formation of bonds between molecules, often used to make materials more stable or resistant to degradation.

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    Scaffold

    A biocompatible material providing a framework for new tissue growth. This framework serves as a guide for cells to form healthy tissue.

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    Enzyme

    A protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in the body without changing itself.

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    Collagenase

    A specific enzyme that breaks down collagen, a protein found in connective tissue.

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    Biohospitable

    A material that is compatible with living tissues and doesn't cause an inflammatory response.

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    Inflammation

    The body's natural response to injury, marked by redness, swelling, pain, and heat. It helps to remove damaged tissue and fight infection.

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    Remodeling

    The process of rebuilding and breaking down tissue during healing.

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    Resorption

    The process of dissolving and removing damaged or old tissue.

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    Scar tissue

    Fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue after an injury. It's strong but less flexible than the original tissue.

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    Type I Collagen

    A major type of collagen found in skin, blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments.

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    Tissue Digestion

    The process of breaking down dead or damaged tissue using enzymes.

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    Enzyme Resistance

    The ability of a material to resist being broken down by enzymes.

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    Revitalization

    The process of a tissue graft becoming repopulated with cells and blood vessels after being placed in a surgical site.

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    Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

    Enzymes that help break down proteins in the extracellular matrix of a wound.

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    Cytokines

    Molecules that signal cellular activity during wound healing, particularly during the inflammatory and remodeling phases.

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    Growth Factors

    Molecules that play a role in cell signaling, helping with cell migration, division, protein expression, and differentiation during wound healing.

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    Macrophages

    Scavenger cells that engulf and remove debris from wounds.

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    M1 Macrophages

    Macrophages involved in the inflammatory stage of wound healing, responsible for cleaning up the wound site.

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    M2 Macrophages

    Macrophages involved in the remodeling phase of wound healing, responsible for tissue repair and regeneration.

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    Study Notes

    Wound Terminology

    • Synthetic Materials: Derived from non-living sources (metals, ceramics, polymers).

    • Biologic Materials: Derived from living organisms (humans, animals, cells).

    • Autograft: Tissue transplanted within the same individual (e.g., bone-tendon-bone from right knee to fix a torn left ACL).

    • Allograft: Tissue transplanted from one individual of one species to a different individual of the same species (e.g., donated human tissue, bone-tendon-bone, used to repair a torn ACL). Dermacell is one example of an allograft.

    • Xenograft: Tissue transplanted from one species to another (e.g., porcine [pig] heart valve to a human).

    Tissue Processing - Relevant Terms

    • Freeze-Dried: A hydrated substance frozen and all water removed by vacuum without thawing.

    • Cryopreserved: Tissue frozen at a controlled rate with cryo-protectants to maintain viability and matrix integrity.

    • Hydrated: A substance ready for use without rehydration—Dermacell is fully hydrated upon packaging.

    • Aseptic Processing: Technique for cleaning and shaping donor tissue/products in a clean room environment to minimize contamination.

    • Shelf Life: Validated length of time a product can be stored after sterilization or aseptic processing.

    • Sterility Assurance Level (SAL): Probability of a single viable microorganism being present on a product. 10⁻³ (1 in 1000) and 10⁻⁶ (1 in 1,000,000) are common levels.

    • Terminal Sterilization: The process of sterilizing a material in final packaging. (Dermacell is terminally sterilized using low dose gamma irradiation at ultra-low temperatures to achieve a SAL of 10⁻⁶).

    ###Tissue Processing - Relevant Terms (cont.)

    • Decellularization: Process of removing cells and cellular debris from tissues to potentially reduce immunological reactions. Dermacell is decellularized using Matracell technology.

    • Immunological Reaction/Response: A bodily response to an antigen triggered when lymphocytes identify the antigen as foreign, leading to antibody and lymphocyte production to neutralize the antigen.

    Wound Healing - Relevant Terms

    • Scaffold: A biocompatible material matrix that allows host tissue cells to grow and repair/replace damaged tissue.

    Wound Healing - Relevant Terms (cont.)

    • Type I Collagen: Found in bone, tendon, ligament, skin, blood vessels, cornea, heart valves.

    • Type II Collagen: Found in cartilage and intervertebral discs.

    • Type III Collagen: Found in blood vessels, fetal skin, heart valves.

    Wound Healing - Relevant Terms (cont.)

    • Enzyme: Protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction without being modified.

    • Collagenase: Specific enzyme that breaks down collagen.

    • Tissue Digestion: Mechanism for breaking down dead and/or damaged tissue via enzymatic degradation.

    Wound Healing Process Terminology

    • Biohospitable: Biocompatible material that does not cause an inflammatory or adverse response from the recipient, facilitates cellular infiltration and replication, and promotes constructive remodeling of the implant site (e.g., collagen, elastin, smooth muscle actin).

    • Inflammation: Local response to cellular injury, marked by capillary dilation, leukocyte infiltration. It serves as a mechanism to eliminate harmful agents and damaged tissue.

    • Scar Tissue: Connective tissue forming a scar; primarily made of fibroblasts in recent scars and dense collagenous fibers in older scars.

    • Resorption (Reabsorption): Destruction, disappearance, or dissolution of tissue/part by biochemical activity.

    • Remodeling: Process of building and resorbing tissue.

    Wound Healing Process Terminology (cont.)

    • Revitalization: Tissue graft revitalization (repopulation and vascularization) upon placement within a surgical site. It is aided by the graft's stability (resistance to enzymatic breakdown), lack of prolonged inflammation, and biocompatibility with the implant.

    Other Contributors to Wound Healing

    • Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs): Enzymes that assist in protein breakdown within the extracellular matrix in a wound site.

    • Cytokines: Proteins involved in cell signaling during inflammatory/remodeling phases of wound healing.

    • Growth Factors: Proteins involved in cell signaling that drive cell migration, division, protein expression, and differentiation during wound healing.

    • DNA Residuals: DNA remaining after decellularization, reduced to <97% in Dermacell following Matracell technology.

    • Macrophage: "Scavenger" cells for removing particulates/biologic debris—aid in remodeling stage of wound healing M1 (janitors) assisting in the removal of debris, followed by M2 (construction workers). Dermacell demonstrates a "more constructive" mix of M1 and M2.

    • Giant Cell: Multiple macrophages merging to engulf large particles and implants.

    • Neutrophil: Multi-nucleated cells frequently seen in infections, participating in the early stages of normal inflammatory response during wound healing.

    Other Contributors to Wound Healing (cont.)

    • Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell that identifies and targets antigens during an immunological response.

    • Fibroblast: Connective tissue cell responsible for collagen and other fiber production.

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    Related Documents

    Dermacell Advanced Wound Training - Module 1 Wound Terminology - 2016 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on various concepts related to transplantation and tissue engineering. This quiz covers important terms such as types of grafts, cryopreservation, and related processes. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical and biological sciences.

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