Transplant Rejection & Immunity
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Questions and Answers

A patient who received a kidney transplant a week ago begins to show signs of rejection. Which type of rejection is the patient most likely experiencing?

  • Hyperacute rejection
  • Latent rejection
  • Acute rejection (correct)
  • Chronic rejection

Why are immunosuppressive drugs administered to transplant patients?

  • To reduce the risk of infection following surgery.
  • To accelerate the healing process at the surgical site.
  • To decrease the body's immune response and prevent rejection of the transplanted organ. (correct)
  • To stimulate the immune system to accept the new organ.

A patient is experiencing chronic rejection of a heart transplant. What is the typical timeframe in which this type of rejection manifests?

  • Within the first 48 hours post-transplant
  • Weeks after the transplant
  • Months or years after the transplant (correct)
  • During the transplant surgery

A surgical team notices signs of transplant rejection during the operation itself. Which type of rejection is occurring?

<p>Hyperacute rejection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication reduces the risk of organ rejection by suppressing the immune system?

<p>Cyclosporine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient is exposed to a disease, does not develop symptoms, and is found to have antibodies against it. Which type of immunity is MOST likely responsible?

<p>Natural active immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario exemplifies artificial passive immunity?

<p>A patient receiving an injection of antibodies after a snake bite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is developing a vaccine. The MOST important characteristic for the immunity it provides would be:

<p>The vaccine induces immunological memory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A newborn infant receives temporary immunity to certain diseases from its mother. What type of immunity is this?

<p>Natural passive immunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes active immunity from passive immunity?

<p>Active immunity involves the individual's own immune system, while passive immunity involves receiving antibodies from an external source. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a normal immune response, what is the primary role of cytokines?

<p>Regulating and coordinating the immune response by signaling between cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In host-versus-graft disease (HVGD), which component is the primary target of the immune response?

<p>The transplanted donor tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the underlying mechanism of autoimmune diseases?

<p>The production of antibodies that target and destroy the body's own healthy tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does immunodeficiency differ from autoimmunity in terms of immune system function?

<p>Immunodeficiency is characterized by the failure to mount an effective response to real threats, while autoimmunity involves the immune system attacking the body's own tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios primarily involves donor-derived T cells attacking the transplant recipient's tissues?

<p>Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asthma is classified as a hypersensitivity because:

<p>The immune system mounts an exaggerated response to harmless particles, causing inflammation and airway constriction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between host-versus-graft disease (HVGD) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?

<p>HVGD involves the recipient's immune system attacking the donor, while GVHD involves the donor's immune system attacking the recipient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is an example of the immune system failing to recognize and respond effectively to real threats?

<p>Cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient who received a bone marrow transplant begins to show signs of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Which of the following best describes the underlying mechanism?

<p>The donor's T cells are attacking the recipient's tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is transplant rejection more commonly associated with bone marrow transplants compared to other types of organ transplants?

<p>Bone marrow contains a high concentration of immune cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient requires a kidney transplant. Which type of transplant involves using tissue from a genetically identical twin?

<p>Isograft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is HLA matching crucial in organ transplantation?

<p>To minimize the risk of transplant rejection by the recipient's immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transplant scenarios would likely face the highest risk of rejection?

<p>A heart valve transplant from a pig to a human. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a severe burn, a patient requires skin grafting. Which type of graft involves transplanting skin from one area of the patient's body to another?

<p>Autograft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A fetus and placenta represent what kind of graft?

<p>Allograft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient develops a rash after using a new soap. The reaction appears 48 hours after initial exposure. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is MOST likely responsible?

<p>Type IV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a bee sting, an individual experiences a rapid drop in blood pressure, difficulty breathing, and widespread hives. Which of the following mechanisms is the PRIMARY driver of this reaction?

<p>IgE-mediated release of histamine and other mediators from mast cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient with lupus develops kidney damage due to the deposition of antibody-antigen complexes in the glomeruli. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction BEST explains this pathology?

<p>Type III (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A person with type A blood accidentally receives a transfusion of type B blood. Which immunological process is MOST directly responsible for the resulting acute hemolytic transfusion reaction?

<p>IgG or IgM-mediated complement activation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher is investigating a novel therapeutic that aims to prevent contact dermatitis caused by poison ivy. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective, based on the underlying hypersensitivity mechanism?

<p>Depleting antigen-specific T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does the initial exposure to an allergen typically NOT result in immediate allergic symptoms in Type I hypersensitivity?

<p>Mast cells and basophils require time to become sensitized with IgE antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immunological event directly triggers the degranulation of mast cells and basophils in Type I hypersensitivity?

<p>Cross-linking of IgE antibodies on the cell surface by the allergen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does histamine contribute to the characteristic symptoms observed during a Type I hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>It induces bronchoconstriction and increases vascular permeability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Type I hypersensitivity, which of the following treatments would directly target the IgE antibodies to prevent mast cell activation?

<p>Injecting monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies to bind and neutralize IgE. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms is LEAST likely to contribute to long-term management or prevention of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

<p>Regular use of broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Natural Active Immunity

Immunity formed when pathogens cause illness and antibodies develop in the host.

Artificial Active Immunity

Immunity gained through vaccination without causing illness; antibodies form in response to the vaccine.

Natural Passive Immunity

Temporary immunity acquired when a mother transfers antibodies to her child through pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Artificial Passive Immunity

Immunity gained by injecting antibodies (antiserum) into a person, providing immediate but temporary protection.

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Difference Between Active and Passive Immunity

Active immunity involves the immune system's response to pathogens; passive immunity does not activate this response.

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Transplant Rejection

When host or graft antigens are recognized as foreign and destroyed.

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Host-versus-graft disease (HVGD)

Recipient's immune system attacks the donor tissue.

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Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)

T cells from donor tissue attack the transplant recipient's cells.

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Bone Marrow Transplants

Transplant rejection is most commonly associated with these procedures.

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Immune Response in Rejection

The body's immune cells react to perceived foreign tissue during rejection.

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Normal Immune System Function

The process where the immune system identifies and responds to real threats like tumor cells and infections.

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Hypersensitivity

An exaggerated immune response to harmless substances, leading to damage of healthy tissue.

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Autoimmunity

The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own healthy tissues.

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Immunodeficiency

A malfunction of the immune system that fails to respond to actual threats.

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Cytokines

Proteins that facilitate communication between immune cells, triggering responses.

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Types of Transplant Rejection

Three types: Hyperacute, Acute, and Chronic rejection.

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Hyperacute Rejection

Occurs during surgery or soon after transplantation.

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Acute Rejection

Occurs within weeks, usually up to around 8 weeks after transplant.

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Chronic Rejection

Develops months or years after the transplant, gradually diminishing organ function.

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Immunosuppressive Drugs

Medications that reduce immune responses to prevent transplant rejection; examples include prednisone and cyclosporine.

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Type I Hypersensitivity

Allergic reactions like hay fever; mediated by IgE and mast cells.

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Type II Hypersensitivity

Blood transfusion reactions due to IgG or IgM attacking antigens on cells.

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Type III Hypersensitivity

Immune complexes deposited in tissues; seen in serum sickness and autoimmunity.

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Type IV Hypersensitivity

Delayed response like contact dermatitis; mediated by T cells.

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Effects of Hypersensitivity

Immediate inflammation, lysis of cells, tissue damage, delayed responses.

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HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen)

A molecule that helps the immune system recognize cells; highly variable among individuals.

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Types of Transplants

Four main types: autograft, isograft, allograft, and xenograft, based on donor-recipient relationship.

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Autograft

A transplant using tissue from the same individual.

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Rejection Causes

Rejection likelihood increases if donor and recipient HLA do not match; newborns and avascular tissues have lower risks.

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Xenograft

A transplant between different species, such as human to pig.

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First Exposure

Initial contact with an allergen causing IgE antibody production and sensitization of mast cells.

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IgE Antibodies

Antibodies produced by the immune system during the first exposure to an allergen, marking it for response.

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Mast Cells Sensitization

Mast cells bind to IgE antibodies, becoming primed to react during future exposures.

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Release of Histamine

Upon re-exposure, allergen triggers mast cells to release histamine, causing inflammation.

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Study Notes

Acquired Immunity

  • Pathogens enter host
  • Immune response to harmless particles
  • Immune response damages healthy tissues
  • Mechanism:
    • Pathogens are attenuated (live or inactive forms)
    • Vaccine is injected
    • Antibodies directly form from person to child
    • Antibodies passed from person to child through the placenta
    • Antibodies injected into the body providing temporary protection
    • Results are not always effective

Natural Active Immunity

  • Pathogens enter host, causing an illness
  • Results in antibodies
  • Has lasting immunity
  • Example: Chickenpox, measles

Artificial Active Immunity

  • Vaccine injected into the body, causing the body to create antibodies
  • Results in antibodies
  • Has lasting immunity
  • Example: Vaccines for chickenpox, measles

Natural Passive Immunity

  • Antibodies passed through the placenta to child
  • Antibodies passed through breast milk to child
  • Temporary immunity
  • Example: In utero, breastfeeding.

Artificial Passive Immunity

  • Antibodies injected into the body
  • Temporary immunity
  • Example: Gamma globulin

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Description

Questions covering transplant rejection types (acute, chronic, hyperacute) and the role of immunosuppressants. Also includes questions on active, passive, and artificial immunity, and vaccine development.

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