Immunology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of immunity provides the first line of defence against any nonself material?

  • Acquired immunity
  • Cell-mediated immunity
  • Innate immunity (correct)
  • Passive immunity

    • What is an example of nonspecific defence in the immune system?

  • Inflammation (correct)
  • Cell-mediated response
  • Antibody production
  • Hypersensitivity reaction

    • What is the purpose of the acute phase response in the immune system?

  • To trigger adaptive immunity
  • To nonspecifically respond to infection (correct)
  • To initiate inflammation
  • To provide immediate defense against nonself material

    • What distinguishes between self and nonself components in the immune system?

    <p>The immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is characterized by the presence of antibodies?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T cells?

    <p>Regulating the level and quality of the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for ingesting pathogens and cell debris?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of accessory cells in the immune system?

    <p>Presenting antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognizing and destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rejection reaction is characterized by the presence of specific cell-surface antigen receptors?

    <p>Cellular acute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunotherapy?

    <p>Stimulating the immune system to fight infection and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are strategically placed to protect different areas of the body from infection?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of antigens in the immune system?

    <p>Being recognized by B or T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is associated with the body's natural abilities to fight infection and disease?

    <p>Immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunoassays?

    <p>Detecting the presence/quantity of a substance based on its ability to act as an antigen or antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity recognizes specific parts of a microorganism and is long-lasting due to memory cells?

    <p>Humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Chickenpox, leading to itchy spots and blisters?

    <p>Varicella-zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease involves B lymphocytes producing antibodies against self-molecules, leading to symptoms like skin rashes, fever, and arthritis?

    <p>Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which autoimmune disorder does the immune system attack the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and joint damage?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of most people with rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Presence of antibodies like rheumatoid factor or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in their blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid, nonspecific response to infection, involving the production of serum molecules like C-reactive protein?

    <p>Acute Phase Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves cells killing infected cells and provides protection against infectious diseases like chickenpox?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Multiple sclerosis?

    <p>T cells targeting the myelin sheath surrounding neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Autoimmune response where the immune system attacks the joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease involves the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own molecules, leading to diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)?

    <p>B lymphocytes producing antibodies against self-molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection is induced by the destruction of graft cells by CD8+ CTLs and delayed hypersensitivity reactions triggered by activated CD4+ helper cells?

    <p>Cellular rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell in the graft?

    <p>Direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection occurs when preformed antidonor antibodies are present in the recipient's circulation, leading to immediate rejection after transplantation?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered the most important immunogens, expressing class I and II HLA molecules and costimulatory molecules?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of T cells recognize class I HLA antigens and differentiate into mature CTLs?

    <p>CD8+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is postulated to be the major pathway in acute cellular rejection?

    <p>Direct pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection is usually manifested by a vasculitis, also referred to as rejection vasculitis?

    <p>Acute humoral rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection is more important in chronic rejection?

    <p>Acute humoral rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells recognize allogeneic class II molecules and differentiate into TH1 effector cells?

    <p>CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves recipient T lymphocytes recognizing antigens of the graft donor after they are presented by the recipient’s own antigen-presenting cells?

    <p>Indirect pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    With the current practice of cross-matching, which type of rejection is no longer a significant clinical problem?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection is mediated by antibodies formed by the recipient and may cause injury by several mechanisms, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity and inflammation?

    <p>Acute humoral rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition in which both B and T cells are absent or inactive, putting individuals at great risk from minor infections?

    <p>Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific enzyme used by retroviruses to copy their genome into the DNA of the host cells chromosomes?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the difficulty in developing a suitable vaccine for HIV?

    <p>High mutation rate of the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the antigen that causes an allergic reaction known as?

    <p>Allergen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the rejection of a donated organ by the recipient's immune system?

    <p>Mismatch in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) in HIV/AIDS management?

    <p>Slowing disease progression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exaggerated (hypersensitive) response to allergens, resulting in symptoms like swelling, hives, and runny nose?

    <p>Allergic reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cells responsible for recognizing the body's tissues by looking for a set of antigens on the surface of each cell?

    <p>White blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism involved in rejection of kidney grafts?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main barrier to successful transplantation of tissues in humans without rejection?

    <p>Mismatch in HLA system antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific antigen system responsible for rejection of grafts from one individual to another?

    <p>HLA system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of present-day immunologic research in the context of transplantation?

    <p>Achieving permanent acceptance of foreign grafts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of nonspecific immunity?

    <p>It provides the first line of defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which response is an example of nonspecific defense in the immune system?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the immune system?

    <p>Protect the body from damage caused by microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes between self and nonself components in the immune system?

    <p>The immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the difficulty in developing a suitable vaccine for HIV?

    <p>The high mutation rate of the HIV virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection is usually manifested by a vasculitis, also referred to as rejection vasculitis?

    <p>Antibody-dependent, or acute humoral rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of antigens in the immune system?

    <p>To identify self from nonself components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)?

    <p>Development of characteristic butterfly rash on the face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are strategically placed to protect different areas of the body from infection?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific enzyme used by retroviruses to copy their genome into the DNA of the host cell's chromosomes?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and eliminate nonself components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves cells killing infected cells and provides protection against infectious diseases like chickenpox?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism involved in rejection of kidney grafts?

    <p>Complement-dependent cytotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T cells?

    <p>Killing of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific antigen system responsible for rejection of grafts from one individual to another?

    <p>HLA antigen system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid, nonspecific response to infection, involving the production of serum molecules like C-reactive protein?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity results from missing components of the immune system, making individuals susceptible to frequent and recurrent infections?

    <p>Immunodeficiency immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific cause of Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

    <p>HIV-1 or HIV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has significantly improved survival rates for individuals with AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global impact of the HIV epidemic at the end of 2021?

    <p>38.4 million cases worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of transplant rejection?

    <p>Mismatch in HLA proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism involved in the rejection of kidney grafts?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main barrier to successful transplantation of tissues in humans without rejection?

    <p>The immune system's recognition of grafts as foreign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific term for exaggerated immune responses to allergens?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis makes it challenging to definitively diagnose through blood tests?

    <p>Presence of rheumatoid factor in some patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process when the recipient's immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it?

    <p>Transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for AIDS?

    <p>Rapid mutation of the HIV virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the exaggerated response to allergens, resulting in symptoms like swelling, hives, and a runny nose?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is characterized by the presence of preformed antidonor antibodies in the recipient's circulation, leading to immediate rejection after transplantation?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognizing and destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunotherapy?

    <p>Stimulating or restoring the immune system's ability to fight infection and disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of nonspecific immunity?

    <p>Low specificity and immediate response to a wide range of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of accessory cells in the immune system?

    <p>Presenting antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T cells?

    <p>Regulating the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is mediated by antibodies formed by the recipient and may cause injury by several mechanisms, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity and inflammation?

    <p>Chronic humoral rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main barrier to successful transplantation of tissues in humans without rejection?

    <p>Tissue incompatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific term for exaggerated immune responses to allergens?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity involves cells killing infected cells and provides protection against infectious diseases like chickenpox?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor makes rheumatoid arthritis difficult to diagnose through the rheumatoid factor blood test?

    <p>Lack of antibodies in some patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes primary immunodeficiency diseases from secondary immunodeficiency diseases?

    <p>Genetic origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which retroviruses are responsible for causing Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

    <p>HIV-1 or HIV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has significantly improved survival rates for individuals with AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has the global HIV epidemic affected at the end of 2021?

    <p>38.4 million people worldwide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes transplant rejection?

    <p>Recognition of graft as foreign and attack by recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the success rate for organ transplantation?

    <p>Blood type matching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the relative contributions to transplant rejection?

    <p>Both cell-mediated immunity and circulating antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outpaces the ability to confer permanent acceptance of foreign grafts?

    <p>Mechanisms involved in the rejection of transplantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanisms are involved in the rejection of kidney grafts?

    <p>Recognition of foreign antigens, particularly those of the HLA system, by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes allergies?

    <p>Exaggerated immune response to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of transplant rejection?

    <p>Recognition of graft as foreign and attack by recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Multiple sclerosis?

    <p>T cells targeting the myelin sheath surrounding neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)?

    <p>B lymphocytes producing antibodies against self-molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>B lymphocytes producing antibodies against self-molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells destroying insulin-producing cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Chickenpox?

    <p>Itchy spots and blisters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Fever and joint damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)?

    <p>Skin rashes and arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Multiple sclerosis?

    <p>Neurological abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Acute Phase Response?

    <p>Increased blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Immunity?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Specific immunity?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunodeficiency diseases are genetic in nature?

    <p>Primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)?

    <p>HIV-1 and HIV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has significantly improved survival rates for individuals with AIDS?

    <p>Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment (HAART)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the global HIV epidemic affected population at the end of 2021?

    <p>38.4 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of transplant rejection?

    <p>Recognition of the graft as foreign by the recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism involved in the rejection of kidney grafts?

    <p>Recognition of foreign antigens, particularly those of the HLA system, by the host's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of allergies?

    <p>Exaggerated immune responses to allergens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment (HAART) in HIV/AIDS management?

    <p>Improving survival rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the difficulty in developing an effective vaccine for AIDS?

    <p>Retroviruses' ability to infect immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main contributor to transplant rejection?

    <p>Differences in HLA proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What plays a significant role in the rejection of different types of grafts?

    <p>Both cell-mediated immunity and circulating antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Unknown, but likely a combination of genetic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is characterized by the presence of antibodies?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>Recognizing and destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for ingesting pathogens and cell debris?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?

    <p>Stimulating the body's immune system to fight cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of lymphocytes' antigen receptors?

    <p>They are extremely diverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T cells in the immune system?

    <p>Regulating the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are considered accessory cells in the immune system?

    <p>Granulocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunoassays?

    <p>Detecting the presence/quantity of a substance based on its antigen or antibody activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Neutralizing pathogens and toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphoid organ is responsible for the production of lymphocytes?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of chronic rejection?

    <p>Cellular immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

    <p>Process and present antigens to T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is induced by the destruction of graft cells by CD8+ CTLs and delayed hypersensitivity reactions triggered by activated CD4+ helper cells?

    <p>Acute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of T cells?

    <p>Recognizing and destroying infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphocyte makes only 1 type of antigen receptor and is part of adaptive immunity?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the treatment that uses the body's natural abilities to fight infection and disease or to protect the body from some of the side effects of treatment?

    <p>Immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune cells in protecting the body from damage caused by microorganisms?

    <p>Ingesting pathogens and cell debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are strategically placed to protect different areas of the body from infection?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific term for exaggerated immune responses to allergens?

    <p>Hypersensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for recognizing the body's tissues by looking for a set of antigens on the surface of each cell?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Autoimmune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of rejection reaction is associated with the body's natural abilities to fight infection and disease?

    <p>Hyperacute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of immunotherapy?

    <p>To stimulate the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell in the graft?

    <p>Cellular pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity recognizes specific parts of a microorganism, takes longer to develop, and is long-lasting due to memory cells?

    <p>Adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmune disease involves T cells targeting the myelin sheath surrounding neurons, leading to serious neurological abnormalities?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus)?

    <p>B lymphocytes producing antibodies against self-molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>The immune system attacking the joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rapid, nonspecific response to infection, involving the production of serum molecules like C-reactive protein?

    <p>Acute Phase Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Cytotoxic T cells destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>Neutralizing toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific enzyme used by retroviruses to copy their genome into the DNA of the host cell's chromosomes?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of Inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood supply and vessel permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main barrier to successful transplantation of tissues in humans without rejection?

    <p>Distinguishing between self and nonself components in the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of chronic rejection?

    <p>Destruction of graft cells by CD8+ CTLs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    T Cell-Mediated Rejection and Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Organ Transplantation

    • T cell-mediated graft rejection, also known as cellular rejection, is induced by the destruction of graft cells by CD8+ CTLs and delayed hypersensitivity reactions triggered by activated CD4+ helper cells.
    • The recipient’s T cells recognize antigens in the graft through two pathways: direct and indirect. Direct pathway involves recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell in the graft, while the indirect pathway involves recipient T lymphocytes recognizing antigens of the graft donor after they are presented by the recipient’s own antigen-presenting cells.
    • Dendritic cells carried in the donor organs are considered the most important immunogens, expressing class I and II HLA molecules and costimulatory molecules.
    • CD8+ T cells recognize class I HLA antigens and differentiate into mature CTLs, while CD4+ helper T-cell subset is triggered into proliferation and differentiation into TH1 effector cells by recognition of allogeneic class II molecules.
    • The direct recognition of allogeneic MHC molecules is explained by assuming that allogeneic MHC molecules resemble or mimic the self-MHC-foreign peptide complexes recognized by self-MHC-restricted T cells.
    • The indirect pathway generates CD4+ T cells that enter the graft and recognize graft antigens being displayed by host antigen-presenting cells, resulting in a delayed hypersensitivity type of reaction.
    • The direct pathway is postulated to be the major pathway in acute cellular rejection, while the indirect pathway is more important in chronic rejection, but the separation is not absolute.
    • Antibodies evoked against alloantigens in the graft can mediate rejection, known as humoral rejection, and can take the forms of hyperacute rejection and acute humoral rejection.
    • Hyperacute rejection occurs when preformed antidonor antibodies are present in the recipient's circulation, leading to immediate rejection after transplantation.
    • With the current practice of cross-matching, hyperacute rejection is no longer a significant clinical problem.
    • Antibodies formed by the recipient may cause injury by several mechanisms, including complement-dependent cytotoxicity, inflammation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
    • Antibody-dependent, or acute humoral rejection, is usually manifested by a vasculitis, also referred to as rejection vasculitis.

    Immunological Diseases and Transplant Rejection

    • Rheumatoid arthritis cannot be definitively diagnosed through the rheumatoid factor blood test, as a small proportion of people with the condition never test positive for RF.
    • Immunodeficiency diseases result from missing components of the immune system, making individuals susceptible to frequent and recurrent infections.
    • Some immunodeficiency diseases are genetic (primary), while others are acquired during a person's lifetime (secondary).
    • Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the retroviruses HIV-1 or HIV-2, which infect immune cells and progress into AIDS.
    • Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment (HAART) has significantly improved survival rates for individuals with AIDS, but an effective vaccine is still unavailable.
    • The global HIV epidemic affected 38.4 million people worldwide at the end of 2021, with 25.6 million cases in the WHO African Region.
    • Allergies are exaggerated immune responses to allergens and affect one in three people, often due to genetic predisposition (ATOPY).
    • Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient’s immune system recognizes the graft as foreign and attacks it, often due to differences in HLA proteins.
    • The chances of a perfect match for organ transplantation are very small, and the closer the match, the better the success rate for the transplant.
    • Transplant rejection involves both cell-mediated immunity and circulating antibodies, with the relative contributions varying among different types of grafts.
    • The process of rejection in transplantation outpaces the ability to confer permanent acceptance of foreign grafts, despite advancements in surgical expertise.
    • Mechanisms involved in the rejection of kidney grafts depend on the recognition of foreign antigens, particularly those of the HLA system, by the host's immune system.

    The Immune System and Autoimmune Diseases

    • Inflammation is a rapid response to tissue damage, involving increased blood supply, vessel permeability, and white blood cell movement
    • Acute Phase Response is a rapid, nonspecific response to infection, involving the production of serum molecules like C-reactive protein
    • Chickenpox is a common childhood illness caused by the varicella-zoster virus, leading to itchy spots and blisters
    • Specific immunity recognizes specific parts of a microorganism, takes longer to develop, and is long-lasting due to memory cells
    • Immunity can be humoral (antibody production) or cell-mediated (cells killing infected cells) and provides protection against infectious diseases like chickenpox
    • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own molecules, leading to diseases like lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (lupus) involves B lymphocytes producing antibodies against self-molecules, causing symptoms like skin rashes, fever, and arthritis
    • Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus occurs when cytotoxic T cells destroy insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
    • Multiple sclerosis involves T cells targeting the myelin sheath surrounding neurons, leading to serious neurological abnormalities
    • Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and joint damage
    • Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to joint deformities, muscle wasting, and cartilage and bone erosion, and is more common in females, smokers, and those over 35
    • Most people with rheumatoid arthritis have antibodies like rheumatoid factor or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide in their blood, and the disease tends to run in families

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about T cell-mediated rejection and antibody-mediated rejection in organ transplantation with this quiz. Explore the mechanisms, pathways, and types of rejection, including hyperacute rejection and acute humoral rejection, and understand the role of T cells and antibodies in graft rejection.

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