Transplant Immunology Basics
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Questions and Answers

What is a result of cancer cells dividing rapidly?

  • The immune system can kill cancer cells more effectively
  • The immune system is suppressed, but cancer cells still grow slowly
  • The rate of cancer cell growth is slower than the immune system's response
  • The immune system is outpaced, allowing cancer cells to dominate (correct)

    • What happens when tumors stop expressing antigens targeted by the immune response?

  • T and B cells become more effective at killing cancer cells
  • The immune system targets other antigens
  • T and B cells are unable to kill cancer cells (correct)
  • The immune system stops responding to cancer cells

    • What is the role of MHC I in antigen recognition?

  • It helps CTLs recognize extracellular microbes
  • It helps CTLs recognize cytoplasmic microbes or cancer (correct)
  • It helps B cells recognize antigens
  • It helps NK cells recognize target cells

    • What is the consequence of losing MHC I expression in cancer cells?

    <p>CTLs are unable to kill cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of granzymes being delivered to the target cell?

    <p>The target cell undergoes apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of more invasive and metastatic cancers?

    <p>They lose MHC I expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is hyperacute rejection not a common problem in clinical transplantation?

    <p>Because every donor and recipient are matched for blood type and tested for antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of early graft failure?

    <p>Acute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells may react against cells in graft vessels, leading to vascular damage?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of antibody-mediated injury to graft vessels?

    <p>Complement activation by the classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of current immunosuppressive therapy in transplantation?

    <p>To prevent and reduce acute rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of chronic rejection?

    <p>Leading to progressive loss of graft function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of DAMPs in cancer?

    <p>Damage caused by cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of receptors on APCs?

    <p>To recognize and respond to DAMPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cross presentation of cancer antigens?

    <p>Activation of both CD4 and CD8 T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the immune system often fail to eliminate cancer cells?

    <p>Because cancer cells constantly mutate to evade the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells play a critical role in the response to cancer-associated antigens?

    <p>Cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8 T cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of activated APCs?

    <p>They traffic to the lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in transplant patients?

    <p>Responding to non-self antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transplant occurs between animals of the same species but not genetically identical?

    <p>Allogenic transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of tissue valves made from pig heart valves or cow heart-sac tissue?

    <p>15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for tissue from another individual of the same species?

    <p>Allograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are tissue valves preferred over mechanical valves for those over 70?

    <p>They don't require the lifelong use of anti-clotting drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a transplant from one's own tissue?

    <p>Autograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when T cells in the recipient recognize donor allogeneic MHC molecules on graft dendritic cells?

    <p>Direct recognition of alloantigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between direct and indirect allorecognition?

    <p>The processing of graft cells by recipient dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of indirect recognition of alloantigens?

    <p>Activation of alloreactive CTLs that cannot recognize and kill graft cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mediator of graft rejection in indirect allorecognition?

    <p>Alloreactive CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendritic cells in direct allorecognition?

    <p>To carry graft alloantigens to the recipient's immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of direct recognition of alloantigens?

    <p>Activation of alloreactive CTLs that recognize and attack the graft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system in preventing cancer?

    <p>To eliminate cancerous and pre-cancerous cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of immune surveillance?

    <p>The immune system is constantly searching for cancerous and pre-cancerous cells and eliminating them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evidence of immune surveillance in humans?

    <p>Lymphocytes infiltrate tumors and draining lymph nodes surrounding the tumors are frequently enlarged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of stimulating the immune system by blocking inhibitory receptors in some cancer types?

    <p>Cancer regression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the increased risk of cancer associated with?

    <p>Immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T cells and antibodies in cancer?

    <p>They are specific for tumor-related antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern in a cancer patient versus a transplant patient?

    <p>Mounting an immune response against modified self-antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a transplant between animals identical to one another?

    <p>Syngeneic transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of valves are typically used for people over 70?

    <p>Biologic valves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for tissue from a different species?

    <p>Xenograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of tissue valves made from pig heart valves or cow heart-sac tissue?

    <p>15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using pig heart valves in human transplants?

    <p>To avoid the need for lifelong anti-clotting drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of FasL in the tumor environment?

    <p>To lead to the death of lymphocytes through FasL/Fas pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of stimulating the host's immune response to combat cancer?

    <p>To reduce the side effects of traditional cancer treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do monoclonal antibodies work in passive immunotherapy?

    <p>By binding to the surface of cancer cells, targeting them for elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between traditional cancer treatments and immunotherapy?

    <p>Immunotherapy stimulates the host's immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main approaches to modern immunotherapy?

    <p>Passive immunotherapy, adoptive transfer of anti-tumor T cells, stimulation of the host's immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of traditional cancer treatments?

    <p>They have serious side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of GvHD?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of immunosuppressive therapy in transplantation?

    <p>To prevent tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of immunosuppressive therapy in transplantation?

    <p>Increased risk of severe infections and cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the immune system in cancer?

    <p>To suppress cancer growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the immune system targets cancer cells?

    <p>Immune surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a type of therapy that modulates the immune system to fight cancer?

    <p>Passive immunotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of tumor vaccines?

    <p>To generate CTLs against tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccines are given to individuals before they are infected with a virus?

    <p>Preventive vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are expanded ex vivo and exposed to tumor cells or a defined tumor antigen in a tumor vaccine approach?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of vaccination against oncogenic viruses?

    <p>Tumors caused by oncogenic viruses are prevented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why have tumor vaccines achieved only modest success?

    <p>Because they are therapeutic vaccines administered to patients in whom tumors may have established mechanisms that suppress immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between transplantation and the immune response?

    <p>Transplantation is the other side of the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

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