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Crimes that have an actual or potential effect across national borders and crimes which are Intra-State but which offend fundamental values of the international community. The term is commonly used in law enforcement and academic communities.
Transnational Crimes
It describes crimes that are not only international (that is, crimes that cross borders between countries), but crimes that, by their nature, involve border crossings as an essential part of the criminal activity.
Transnational
It refers specifically to transnational crime carried out by organized crime organizations
Transnational Organized Crime
An offense is transnational if:
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The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. (FBI, 1997)
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Two General types of Terrorism
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Involves persons or groups committing terrorist act/s in their own country.
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Involves citizens or the territory of more than one country
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Goals of Terrorism
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Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion or abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or position of the vulnerability of the individual, giving or receiving payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation.
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Methods Employed in the Recruitment
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The facilitation, transportation, attempted transportation or illegal entry of a person or persons across an international border, in violation of one or more countries' laws, either clandestinely or through deception, such as the use of fraudulent documents. (US Law)
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The illegal procurements and/or sale of human organs.
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Transnational importation of illegal firearms, mostly small arms, by governments and insurgents in war zone regions.
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The monetary proceeds of criminal activity are converted into funds with an apparently legal source. (Manzel, 1996) • To knowingly engage in a financial transaction with the proceeds of some unlawful activity with the intent of promoting or carrying on the unlawful activity or to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of the proceeds. (Genzman, 1998)
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Three steps of Money Laundering
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Process of moving money from the location of the criminal activity. Getting currency into the bank, around the reporting system, at home or abroad.
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Involves the frequent series of money transfers and transactions used to "cover the tracks" of the illegal funds. • Once the money is in the form of a bank entry, the launderers hide its criminal origins through a series of complex transactions.
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• When the money is returned to the regular economy through the purchase of an investment. • The launderer then makes the proceeds available to the criminals in an apparently legitimate form.
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refers to the lending of money at excessively high rates of interest.
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The act or practice of providing sexual services to another person in return for payment. It is one of the branches of the sex industry.
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People who execute such activities are called.
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Described as the "world's oldest profession
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It refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network, where the computers may or may not have played an instrumental part in the commission of a crime.
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Depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement. The word originally signified any work of art or literature depicting the life of prostitutes. • Sexually explicit pictures, writing, or other material whose primary purpose is to cause sexual arousal.
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Study Notes
Transnational Crime
- Crimes with actual or potential cross-border effects; includes intra-state offenses that violate core international values.
- Commonly discussed within law enforcement and academic circles, highlighting criminal activities involving organized crime networks.
- Transnational crime is characterized by the necessity of crossing borders for its execution.
Definition of Transnational Offense
- An offense qualifies as transnational if it involves the unlawful use of force or violence directed at governments or civilian populations to achieve political or social aims.
Types of Terrorism
- Domestic Terrorism: Involves acts committed by individuals or groups within their own country.
- International Terrorism: Involves perpetrators acting across the territories of multiple nations.
Goals of Terrorism
- Objectives include recruitment, transportation, and exploitation of individuals through coercion, fraud, abuse of power, or deceit.
- Exploitation often involves financial incentives to gain control over victims.
Human Trafficking and Smuggling
- Involves illegal transportation and entry of individuals across national borders, often violating national laws.
- Practices may include the use of fraudulent documents for clandestine crossing.
Organ Trade and Arms Trafficking
- Encompasses illegal procurement and sale of human organs and transnational trafficking of firearms, particularly in conflict zones.
Money Laundering
- Process involves concealing the origins of illicit funds, converting proceeds into a legal source through a series of transactions.
- Steps include:
- Moving funds from the crime location.
- Introducing money into banking systems under reporting thresholds.
- Channels through complex transactions to obscure illegal origins.
Financial Crime
- Engaging in financial transactions relating to unlawful activities to promote such acts or conceal their source is a key element of economic crime.
Other Criminal Activities
- Usury involves lending money at exorbitant interest rates, often leading to exploitation.
- Prostitution is considered part of the sex industry and is often referred to as "the world’s oldest profession."
Cybercrime
- Any criminal activity that involves a computer network, regardless of whether computers are central to committing the crime.
Erotica
- Material intended to stimulate sexual excitement through depictions of sexual acts, originally referring to artistic works about prostitutes.
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Description
Explore the complexities of crimes that affect multiple nations and those intra-state offenses that challenge international values. This quiz tests your understanding of the legal concepts and implications surrounding transnational and international crimes. Dive deep into the legal frameworks and real-world examples.
