International Crime in Australia Quiz
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Which of the following is NOT a category of international crime?

  • Crimes against the International Community
  • Cybercrime (correct)
  • Organized Crime
  • Transnational Crime

    • Transnational crimes can only originate in one country and have consequences in another.

    False (B)

    Australia's ability to effectively deal with international crime is limited without cooperation from other countries.

    True (A)

    Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when Australia decides to extradite a person?

    <p>The person must be a citizen of the requesting country. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two examples of transnational crimes?

    <p>Examples of transnational crimes include human trafficking, drug trafficking, financial fraud, and money laundering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two key domestic measures Australia employs to address international crime?

    <p>Extradition and Mutual Assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Bali 9 case involved an attempt to smuggle ______ into Australia.

    <p>drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following transnational crime types with their relevant examples:

    <p>Provision of illicit goods = Drug trafficking, weapons trafficking, counterfeiting Provision of illicit services = Commercial sex, human trafficking Infiltration of business and government = Fraud, racketeering, money laundering, corruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a priority crime area for INTERPOL?

    <p>Environmental crime (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ regulates Australia's assistance to foreign countries in criminal matters.

    <p>Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1987 (Cth)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the rise of transnational crimes?

    <p>Stricter international laws and enforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following legal instruments with their respective purposes:

    <p>Extradition Act 1988 (Cth) = Governs the legal process of surrendering a criminal suspect to another jurisdiction. Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1987 (Cth) = Outlines guidelines for providing assistance to foreign countries in criminal matters. Extradition Treaty = Legal agreement between two countries outlining the conditions for extradition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Australian Federal Police (AFP) was established to primarily focus on domestic crimes within Australia.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances can the Attorney General refuse a request for mutual assistance from a foreign country?

    <p>When the offence is a political offence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of INTERPOL?

    <p>To share information internationally and enable police globally to work together to fight international crime.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transnational crimes are always prosecuted under the domestic laws of the country where the crime originated.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is international cooperation essential in combating transnational crime?

    <p>International cooperation is essential to combat transnational crime because these crimes often cross borders, making it difficult for a single country to effectively investigate and prosecute them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Australia can only extradite a person if they are accused of a crime that is also considered an offence under Australian law.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, which came into effect in 2000, includes three protocols that address ______, ______, and ______.

    Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial element often determines which country has primary jurisdiction in transnational crime cases?

    <p>Where the border is crossed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the Australian Federal Police (AFP)?

    <p>Regulating the import and export of goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Operation Ironside was a joint operation between the AFP and the FBI that focused on disrupting criminal activity related to drug trafficking and violence.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACC)?

    <p>The Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACC) collects, analyzes, and disseminates intelligence to combat serious and organized crime, including transnational activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ was established in 2002 to coordinate Australian law enforcement efforts in combating serious crimes involving technology.

    <p>Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following agencies is responsible for the security and integrity of Australia's borders?

    <p>Australian Customs and Border Protection Services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following agencies with their primary responsibilities:

    <p>Australian Federal Police (AFP) = Protecting embassies and national security Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission (ACC) = Collecting and disseminating intelligence on serious and organized crime Australian Customs and Border Protection Services = Ensuring the security and integrity of Australia's borders Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC) = Coordinating law enforcement efforts against technology-related crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Commonwealth Attorney-General Department is responsible for providing legal advice to the Australian government on international law and its implementation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Provide an example of a state or territory body in New South Wales that investigates transnational crimes.

    <p>Examples include the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), the NSW Crime Commission, the Police Integrity Commission, or divisions within NSW Police.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pacific Transnational Crime Network (PTCN) was formed in 2002 due to a decrease in regional transnational crime.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the PTCN?

    <p>To combat criminal activity such as drug trafficking, arms smuggling, and money laundering. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes Pacific nations vulnerable to transnational crime?

    <p>Pacific nations are vulnerable due to limited resources in law enforcement and crime detection, often resulting from poverty and a lack of sustainable infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest methamphetamine laboratory in the southern hemisphere was discovered and dismantled in ______ for potential markets in Australia, New Zealand, the European Union, and the United States.

    <p>Fiji</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formation of the PTCN has increased operational costs for the AFP.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following limitations of the PTCN with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>Lack of skills, training, and resources = Some states may lack the necessary resources to effectively combat crime. Increase of technology and globalization = The advancement of technology and globalization has created new opportunities for transnational crime. Political unrest and state corruption = Political instability and corruption can hinder law enforcement efforts and prosecution. States require significant cooperation = Effective crime fighting requires strong collaboration, information sharing, and resource pooling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'preliminary crimes'?

    <p>Preliminary crimes are offenses that precede the completion of a crime, such as attempted murder or theft, where the crime itself was not actually completed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge in proving preliminary crimes?

    <p>Proving that the offender intended to complete the crime. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime includes a protocol specifically addressing corruption.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Australian Federal Police (AFP)?

    <p>Enforcing Commonwealth criminal law and protecting Australia's interests from crime both domestically and internationally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ is the largest international police organization with 190 member countries.

    <p>INTERPOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organizations with their primary functions:

    <p>INTERPOL = Facilitates international police cooperation AFP = Enforces Commonwealth criminal law UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime = Provides a framework for addressing organized crime Pacific Transnational Crime Network (PTCN) = Coordinates regional law enforcement efforts in the Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    International Crime and Transnational Crime

    • International crime is a broad term, covering any crime with international origin or consequences, recognized by the international community (e.g., drug trafficking).
    • International crimes include crimes against the international community (e.g., genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression) and transnational crimes.
    • Transnational crimes are crimes that occur across international borders. These crimes are similar to domestic crimes, but involve movement across borders (e.g., fraud, hacking, drug trafficking, human trafficking).
    • Globalisation, trade liberalization and technology have increased the type and volume of transnational crimes.
    • Examples of transnational crimes include the provision of illicit goods (drug trafficking, trafficking in stolen property, weapons trafficking, counterfeiting) and illicit services (commercial sex, human trafficking).
    • Transnational crime also involves infiltration of business and government (fraud, racketeering, money laundering, corruption) affecting multiple countries.
    • Causes of transnational crimes can include differences in socioeconomic conditions, desire for prohibited goods or services, differences in political ideology, the belief that the transnational element will prevent detection (e.g., tax evasion, international money laundering), and the pursuit of financial gain or revenge.
    • Transnational crimes are usually prosecuted under a country's domestic jurisdiction, with the target country enforcing the law through local legislation.
    • Prosecution of transnational crimes can be difficult, especially with technology allowing criminals anonymity, needing international cooperation to succeed.

    Dealing with International Crime: Domestic Measures

    • Australian law enforcement cannot operate in a foreign country, and Australian courts lack jurisdiction over crimes committed under foreign laws, so their effectiveness in dealing with such crimes is limited without co-operation.

    • Australia responds to transnational crime through extradition, mutual assistance, and prosecution (e.g., R v Tang).

    • Extradition is based on communication, agreement, and extradition treaty.

    • Returning an accused person relies on two factors: the matter being an offense in Australia, and the punishment not being more extreme than Australia's maximum penalty.

    • Transnational crimes can often be prosecuted in a country where an element of the crime transpires or crosses a border.

    Australian Assistance with Foreign Jurisdictions in Criminal Matters

    • The Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act 1987 regulates assistance to foreign countries.
    • The Attorney General can refuse a request if the offence is a political one or prejudices Australian sovereignty or national security.

    Dealing with International Crime: Domestic Measures (continued)

    • The AFP has a role in global crime monitoring, peacekeeping, and specialized training.
    • Operation Ironside was a long-term, covert investigation into transnational and serious organized crime, focused on large drug imports and drug manufacturing.
    • The AFP and FBI used a Dedicated Encrypted Communications Platform to monitor criminals’ encrypted communications
    • The Commonwealth Attorney-General Department reports and provides advice on compliance with international obligations and overseas legislation.

    Australian Crime Commission (ACC)

    • The ACC (replaced by the Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission) provides critical intelligence to combat transnational organized crime.
    • They collect, assess and disseminate intelligence and policing information (funded by the government).

    Australian Customs and Border Protection Services

    • This service works to protect the security of the Australian border ensuring the lawful movement of goods and people across international borders.

    Australian High Tech Crime Centre (AHTCC)

    • Coordinated efforts across Australian law enforcement to tackle serious crimes involving technology.
    • It involves representatives from various Australian jurisdictions.

    International Measures

    • Cooperation between governments via international treaties and organizations and targeted at specific types of crime.
    • Involvement of International Courts and tribunals
    • Cooperation and intelligence-sharing between national agencies to address transnational crime.

    Interpol

    • Interpol aims to share information internationally ( headquartered in Lyon, France).
    • It is the largest international police organization with 190 member countries.
    • It enables global police cooperation in fighting international crime by coordinating actions in diverse countries .

    Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime

    • The UN Convention against TN Organised Crime, with three protocols, aimed at preventing, suppressing, and punishing trafficking in people (especially women and children), the smuggling of migrants, and illicit manufacturing/trafficking of firearms.

    Limitations

    • Some states may lack skills, training, and resources to combat crime (AFP Transpecific)
    • Increase in technology and globalisation has increased the scale of TN crimes.
    • Political unrest and state corruption can impede crime detection and prosecution; rule of law may be weak.
    • States need significant cooperation and sharing of skills, resources, and intelligence.

    Preliminary Crimes

    • Offences preceding the execution of a crime (e.g., unsuccessful attempt), still considered an offense, Usually with a similar penalty. Specific procedures (e.g. attempted murder)
    • Some attempts may need a reasonable explanation of conduct, for the prosecution to establish the offense (e.g., R v Whybrow).

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    International Crime and Transnational Crime Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on international crime and Australia's response to it. This quiz covers various aspects, including transnational crimes, extradition factors, and the role of INTERPOL. Dive in to see how well you understand these complex issues!

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