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Questions and Answers
What is the name given to Gregor Johann Mendel?
What is the name given to Gregor Johann Mendel?
The father of genetics
What did Mendel study to understand genetics?
What did Mendel study to understand genetics?
Pea plants
What does the term 'germplasm' refer to?
What does the term 'germplasm' refer to?
Reproductive cell
What does the term 'somatoplasm' refer to?
What does the term 'somatoplasm' refer to?
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What type of cell or cells is NOT affected by what happens in somatoplasm?
What type of cell or cells is NOT affected by what happens in somatoplasm?
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What is the information containing unit in genetics?
What is the information containing unit in genetics?
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What is the location of a gene on a chromosome?
What is the location of a gene on a chromosome?
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What are the different forms of a gene?
What are the different forms of a gene?
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What are all of the genes posed by an individual?
What are all of the genes posed by an individual?
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What is the set of genes that give rise to a particular trait?
What is the set of genes that give rise to a particular trait?
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What is the result of a gene product that is expressed in a given environment?
What is the result of a gene product that is expressed in a given environment?
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What is the physical expression of the genes giving rise to a particular trait?
What is the physical expression of the genes giving rise to a particular trait?
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What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?
What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous alleles?
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What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?
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What is the first law of genetics?
What is the first law of genetics?
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What kind of cross involves only one character at a time?
What kind of cross involves only one character at a time?
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What kind of ratio is obtained from a monohybrid cross?
What kind of ratio is obtained from a monohybrid cross?
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What is the purpose of a monohybrid test cross?
What is the purpose of a monohybrid test cross?
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The ______ cross involves mating an unknown individual with a homozygous recessive individual.
The ______ cross involves mating an unknown individual with a homozygous recessive individual.
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Study Notes
Transmission Genetics
- Transmission genetics is the study of how genetic traits are passed from parents to offspring.
- Early theories of inheritance suggested traits were transmitted from various parts of parents to offspring, concentrating in the gametes.
- Weismann's theory distinguished between germplasm (reproductive cells) and somatoplasm (other body cells). Inherited traits are passed through the germplasm, unaffected by somatic cell changes. This supported the acceptance of Mendelian laws.
- Gregor Johann Mendel is considered the father of genetics, laying the foundation in the 19th century.
- Mendel used pea plants to study inheritance patterns. This included traits like seed shape, color, pod shape, color, flower color, stem height etc.
- Key traits, and their associated phenotypes (observable characteristics), were studied. Illustrative examples are provided.
Mendelian/Classical Genetics
- Mendel observed traits are passed through discrete units of inheritance.
- Genes (the units of inheritance) come in pairs called alleles.
- Some alleles are dominant, masking the effect of recessive alleles.
- Alleles separate during gamete formation.
- Dominant alleles are always expressed, whether paired with another dominant allele or a recessive allele.
- Recessive alleles are expressed only when paired with another recessive allele.
- These findings were presented using illustrative examples, including parent (P1 and P2), first filial (F1), and second filial (F2) generations.
Terms in Genetics
- Gene: A unit of information containing a trait.
- Locus: The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
- Allele: Different forms of a gene.
- Genotype: The genetic makeup (genes) of an individual. This cannot be directly observed.
- Phenotype: The observable characteristics resulting from the gene's expression.
Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
- Homozygous: Refers to an individual with two identical alleles for a gene. This can be either homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive.
- Heterozygous: Refers to an individual with two different alleles for a gene. This is also known as a hybrid or a carrier.
Laws of Genetics
- First Law (Law of Segregation): During gamete formation, the two alleles for each trait separate from each other, so the gamete receives only one allele.
- Each allele has an equal chance of being received by the offspring.
- Monohybrid Cross: A cross between individuals differing in only one trait. Used to predict the probability of different offspring genotypes from the parent genotypes.
- Monohybrid Ratio: The ratio of different genotypes or phenotypes in the offspring of a monohybrid cross.
Determining Genotype
- Monohybrid Test Cross: Used to determine the genotype of an organism exhibiting a dominant trait, by crossing it with a homozygous recessive organism.
- The resulting phenotype ratio from the cross provides clues about the unknown genotype of the "unknown" parent.
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