Transmembrane Transport of Molecules

Refers to the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without requiring energy. This process relies on the concentration gradient, meaning molecules move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

The process of transporting molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (usually ATP). This allows cells to concentrate essential molecules inside and remove waste products.

A type of active transport that directly utilizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as the energy source to move molecules across the membrane.

A type of active transport that indirectly uses ATP, relying on an electrochemical gradient established by a primary active transporter to power the movement of other molecules.

A protein embedded in the cell membrane that hydrolyzes ATP, releasing energy used to pump sodium ions (Na⁺) out of the cell and potassium ions (K⁺) into the cell, both against their concentration gradients. This maintains membrane potential and regulates cell volume.

A primary active transporter that pumps calcium ions (Ca²⁺) out of the cell against their concentration gradient. This maintains low intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, which is important for regulating various cellular processes.

A primary active transporter that pumps protons (H⁺) across the membrane, typically out of the cell or into organelles. This plays a role in regulating acidity in the stomach cells and lysosomes.

A large family of transmembrane proteins that transport a wide variety of molecules across the cell membrane, including nutrients, toxins, drugs, and antibiotics.

A type of ABC transporter that pumps drugs out of the cell, contributing to multidrug resistance in cancer cells.

A type of ABC transporter involved in cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder affecting the lungs, pancreas, and digestive system.

Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane along their concentration gradient. They do not require energy but speed up the process.

A type of facilitated diffusion where molecules move through a channel protein embedded in the membrane. These channels are usually specific for certain molecules.

A type of facilitated diffusion where molecules bind to a carrier protein, which changes shape and transports the molecule across the membrane.

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to a region of low water concentration (high solute concentration).

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, following the concentration gradient. This type of movement does not require energy.

Specialized membrane proteins that form channels through which specific ions can pass rapidly, influenced by factors like voltage, ligands, or mechanical forces.

Ion channels that open in response to a change in the electrical potential across the membrane.

Ion channels that open when a specific molecule (ligand) binds to them.

A type of secondary active transport where two molecules move in opposite directions across the membrane.

A type of secondary active transport where two molecules move in the same direction across the membrane.

Specialized channels in cell membranes that allow water to pass through while blocking other molecules and ions.

A pump located in cell membranes that actively pumps sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell, creating a sodium gradient that is needed for other transport processes.

A special type of ion channel that selectively allows sodium ions (Na+) to pass through.

A special type of ion channel that selectively allows potassium ions (K+) to pass through.