Pharmacodynamics 1 final

These channels are essential for many cellular functions including neurotransmission, cardiac conduction, muscle contraction, and secretion. They control the movement of ions across the cell membrane, which is vital for maintaining cellular processes.

These channels open or close in response to the binding of a specific molecule, such as a neurotransmitter or a hormone.

These channels open or close in response to changes in the electrical potential across the membrane.

These channels are regulated by second messengers, which are intracellular signaling molecules produced in response to the binding of a ligand to a transmembrane receptor.

These drugs block voltage-gated sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane, preventing the influx of sodium ions and inhibiting the propagation of nerve impulses.

These drugs enhance the effects of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by increasing the flow of chloride ions into neurons, making them less likely to fire an action potential.

GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. It helps to regulate neuronal activity and is involved in many important functions, including sleep, anxiety, and memory.

This is the process of transmitting signals within the nervous system, from one neuron to another or to a target cell.

The electrical signal that travels along a nerve fiber, transmitting information within the nervous system.

The process by which the heart muscle contracts, allowing the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

A class of transmembrane receptors with enzymatic cytosolic domains that play a crucial role in cell signaling.

The process by which two receptor molecules come together to form a dimer upon ligand binding.

The phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the intracellular domain of the receptor by the receptor itself.

Phosphorylated tyrosine residues on RTKs serve as docking sites for signaling proteins, leading to the activation of downstream pathways.

RTKs regulate a wide range of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, survival, and metabolism.

Dysregulation or mutation of RTKs is often associated with cancer and other diseases.

A receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a critical role in glucose metabolism by responding to insulin.

The extracellular portion of the insulin receptor that binds to insulin.

The transmembrane portion of the insulin receptor that spans the cell membrane.

A protein that is recruited by the phosphorylated insulin receptor, initiating downstream signaling cascades.

The most abundant type of receptor in the human body, located on the cell surface.

A single polypeptide chain with seven transmembrane helices, giving it a characteristic structure.

GPCRs are also referred to as metabotropic or heptahelical receptors, due to their seven transmembrane helices and their involvement in metabolic processes.

The portion of the GPCR that interacts with molecules like hormones or neurotransmitters, triggering the receptor's activation.

A complex protein involved in signal transduction, consisting of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma.

The binding of a ligand (hormone or neurotransmitter) to the GPCR triggers a change in the receptor's shape, setting off a chain of events.

The activated GPCR interacts with the G protein, causing the alpha subunit to release GDP and bind GTP.

Following GTP binding, the alpha subunit detaches from the beta and gamma subunits, which can then interact with different cellular components.

The activated alpha and beta/gamma subunits interact with effector proteins, such as adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C, to regulate cellular processes.

Effector proteins generate 'second messengers' like cAMP, cGMP, and IP3, which amplify the initial signal and lead to downstream changes in cellular function.

A type of transmembrane receptor that activates a linked enzymatic domain to convert extracellular signals into intracellular actions.

A large family of membrane receptors that use G proteins to relay signals from outside the cell to inside.

A type of G protein that stimulates the production of cAMP, leading to increased intracellular signaling.

A type of G protein that inhibits the production of cAMP, thus reducing signaling.

A type of G protein that activates phospholipase C, leading to the release of calcium ions and activation of protein kinase C.

A class of GPCRs that bind to catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, influencing processes like heart rate, smooth muscle relaxation and energy mobilization.

A second messenger molecule that activates protein kinase C, involved in various cellular processes including cell growth and differentiation.

A second messenger molecule that releases calcium ions from intracellular stores, increasing intracellular signaling.

A type of enzyme that adds phosphate groups to proteins, regulating their activity. Often activated by second messengers like DAG.