Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of translators as highlighted in the history of translation in the West?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of translators as highlighted in the history of translation in the West?
Cultural appropriation was a primary focus of translation before the 1800s.
Cultural appropriation was a primary focus of translation before the 1800s.
True
Name one key contribution of Friedrich Schleiermacher to translation theory.
Name one key contribution of Friedrich Schleiermacher to translation theory.
Understanding and interpreting texts within their cultural context.
Which model emphasizes faithfulness through literal translation?
Which model emphasizes faithfulness through literal translation?
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Translators must constantly make theoretical decisions regarding the use of ____________ and footnotes.
Translators must constantly make theoretical decisions regarding the use of ____________ and footnotes.
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Eugene Nida introduced the concept of formal equivalence, focusing on accuracy in translation.
Eugene Nida introduced the concept of formal equivalence, focusing on accuracy in translation.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What are the three types of translation identified by Roman Jakobson?
What are the three types of translation identified by Roman Jakobson?
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What major shift in translation emphasis occurred post-1800s?
What major shift in translation emphasis occurred post-1800s?
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The ________ concept suggests that cultures may share underlying structures that influence translation strategies.
The ________ concept suggests that cultures may share underlying structures that influence translation strategies.
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Translators often need to defend their choices using strategic reasoning.
Translators often need to defend their choices using strategic reasoning.
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Which of the following best describes the Horace Model of translation?
Which of the following best describes the Horace Model of translation?
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What is the term used to describe the act of updating and reinterpreting content in translation?
What is the term used to describe the act of updating and reinterpreting content in translation?
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Match the translation theorists with their main focus:
Match the translation theorists with their main focus:
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Cultural adaptation in translation is only concerned with linguistic accuracy.
Cultural adaptation in translation is only concerned with linguistic accuracy.
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What is meant by 'message equivalence' in translation studies?
What is meant by 'message equivalence' in translation studies?
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Which of the following best describes Newmark's communicative translation approach?
Which of the following best describes Newmark's communicative translation approach?
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Nida's concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence focus primarily on the literal meaning of the words.
Nida's concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence focus primarily on the literal meaning of the words.
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What is the primary approach Newmark suggests when literal translation leads to confusion?
What is the primary approach Newmark suggests when literal translation leads to confusion?
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Newmark introduced two main types of translation: Communicative Translation and __________ Translation.
Newmark introduced two main types of translation: Communicative Translation and __________ Translation.
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Match the translation concepts with their definitions:
Match the translation concepts with their definitions:
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What does Newmark consider an 'illusory' concept in translation?
What does Newmark consider an 'illusory' concept in translation?
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Newmark believes that translating 'bissiger Hund' literally is the best approach.
Newmark believes that translating 'bissiger Hund' literally is the best approach.
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What advantage does Newmark claim literal translation offers to translators?
What advantage does Newmark claim literal translation offers to translators?
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Study Notes
Translation Models
- Jerome Model: Stresses faithfulness through literal translation, but acknowledges context-based strategic choices over time.
- Horace Model: Focuses on negotiation between translator, client, and languages, favoring the dominant language (historically Latin, now often English).
- Textual Grid Concept: Cultures share underlying structures influencing translation strategy.
Translation Studies: Interdisciplinary Field
- Emerged in the 1980s, blending linguistics, history, psychology, and other fields.
- Translators act as "rewriters" shaping how literary works are received and influencing their cultural impact.
Roman Jakobson's Contributions
- Explored linguistic and semiotic factors in translation, emphasizing message equivalence across languages.
- Identified three types of translation:
- Intralingual: Rewording within the same language.
- Interlingual: Translation between languages.
- Intersemiotic: Transformation across different modes of communication (e.g., verbal to visual).
- Believed that while all messages can be translated, poetry often requires creative reimagining.
Eugene Nida's Approach
- Focused on the relationship between deep and surface structures in sentences, influenced by Chomsky's generative-transformational grammar.
- Introduced two types of equivalence:
- Formal Equivalence: Focuses on accuracy, matching form and content as closely as possible.
- Dynamic Equivalence: Aims to produce a similar effect on the target audience as the original text.
Friedrich Schleiermacher
- Contributed to understanding texts within their cultural context, emphasizing interpretation.
History of Translation in the West
-
Septuagint: Shows key elements in translation history:
- Expertise: Translators need specialized knowledge.
- Commission: Translations are often ordered by authorities.
- Trust: Readers trust the translation's accuracy.
- Image: A translation shapes the image of the original text, its author, and culture.
- Translation before the 1800s focused on cultural appropriation and pedagogical exercises.
- Shift after 1800s: Different approaches emerged to address diverse audiences and make works accessible.
- Publishers in the 1700s prioritized profit in translation choices.
- Ideological shift led to more specialized translation, with philologists focusing on scholarly translations for experts.
Translation Theorizing
- Translators make theoretical decisions about literal terms, explanations, footnotes, and cultural equivalents.
- Core terminology includes:
- Source Text/Target Text
- Source Language/Target Language
- Source Culture/Target Culture
- Binary View in Translation: Translation can be viewed as moving content between cultures or as an act of updating and reinterpreting over time.
- Translation theories provide:
- Solutions to difficult problems.
- Questions and answers to improve translation quality.
- Justification for translator choices (e.g., compensatory correspondence).
Peter Newmark's Perspective on Translation
- Challenged Nida's receptor-oriented approach, arguing that equivalent effect is an illusory concept.
- Introduced two types of translation:
- Communicative Translation: Aims to create a similar effect on the target audience as the source text.
- Semantic Translation: Focuses on capturing the exact meaning of the source text.
- Preferred literal translation whenever possible, but advocated for communicative translation when necessary.
Nida's Contributions to Translation Theory
- His concepts of formal and dynamic equivalence moved translation theory beyond literal translation, highlighting the importance of the reader's experience.
- Introduced a reader-centered perspective, emphasizing cultural nuances and understanding across linguistic divides.
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Description
Explore the key models and contributions in Translation Studies, an interdisciplinary field that emerged in the 1980s. Learn about Jerome and Horace's models, the Textual Grid Concept, and Roman Jakobson's classifications of translation types.
