Translation Theory and Models
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Translation Theory and Models

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What is the emphasis of Newmark's method in translation?

  • Only literal translation
  • Maximizing word-for-word accuracy
  • An ethical approach to translation (correct)
  • A strict set of rules

    • Vinay and Darbelnet's approach only focuses on literal translation.

    False

    What is the main difference between 'strategy' and 'procedure' in translation?

    Strategy refers to the translator's overall orientation, while procedure is a specific technique applied to parts of the text.

    The procedure used to directly transfer a source language word into the target language is called __________.

    <p>borrowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following translation procedures with their correct definitions:

    <p>Borrowing = Directly transferring a word from the source language Calque = Literal translation of phrases from the source language Transposition = Shifting parts of speech without changing meaning Literal Translation = Word-for-word translation where structure aligns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of the Horace Model in translation?

    <p>Negotiation between clients and languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a procedure in oblique translation?

    <p>Transposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Newmark supports the use of literal translation in all instances.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Jerome Model of translation is primarily concerned with negotiation rather than faithfulness.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept suggests that cultures may share underlying structures that influence translation strategies?

    <p>Textual Grid Concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one of the two main strategies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet.

    <p>Direct Translation or Oblique Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eugene Nida introduced two types of equivalence in translation: formal equivalence and __________ equivalence.

    <p>dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following translation theorists with their contributions:

    <p>Roman Jakobson = Explored linguistic factors and types of translation Eugene Nida = Focus on deep and surface structures in translation Saint Jerome = Advocated for faithfulness in translation Horace = Emphasized negotiation in translations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does modulation refer to in translation?

    <p>Changing the semantics or perspective of the source language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the models discussed, what is typically privileged in translation?

    <p>The dominant language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Équivalence refers to the literal translation of a text.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Translation Studies emerged as a distinct interdisciplinary field in the early 20th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of adaptation in translation?

    <p>Replacing a cricket reference with one to the Tour de France for French readers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of translation involves rewording within the same language, according to Jakobson?

    <p>Intralingual translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using more words in the target language than in the source language is called _____ .

    <p>Amplification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the translation procedure with its description.

    <p>Loss, Gain, and Compensation = Balancing translation by introducing gains for nuances lost False Friends = Recognizing cognates with different meanings Explicitation = Making implicit details explicit Generalization = Using a more general term when specific terms are difficult to translate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves using a more general term when a specific term doesn't translate well?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three levels of translation according to Vinay and Darbelnet?

    <p>Lexicon, Syntactic structures, Message</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Syntactic structures refer solely to the arrangement of words in a sentence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary aim of the Translation Bureau established in Turkey?

    <p>To encourage Westernization and foster a Turkish Renaissance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nurullah Ataç believed that Turkey's Islamic past was essential for fostering creativity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who viewed the Translation Bureau as central to Turkey's cultural awakening?

    <p>Vedat Günyol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Turkish Renaissance' was used to describe Turkey's cultural shift toward a _______ -oriented humanism.

    <p>Western</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following periods with their characteristics:

    <p>Seljuk Period = Dominance of Persian and use of dragomans Ottoman Period = Expansion into scientific and literary translation Tanzimat Era = Shift from Eastern to Western cultural influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the 1928 Alphabet Reform have on Turkish identity and language?

    <p>It transformed the language to facilitate understanding of Western texts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Azra Erhat was opposed to the role of the Translation Bureau in Turkish enlightenment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which languages influenced Turkish literature before the Westernization process?

    <p>Persian and Arabic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the Minister of Education during the most significant institutionalized translation efforts in Turkey?

    <p>Hasan Ali Yücel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tulip Period was primarily focused on artistic achievements rather than educational translation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two prominent translators from the history of translation in Turkey.

    <p>Ahmet Vefik Paşa, Ahmet Mithat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Translation Bureau, especially active from 1940-1946, translated over a thousand works, including classical texts from Greek, Latin, and ______.

    <p>Chinese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following translation themes with their definitions:

    <p>Role of Translation in Cultural Change = A tool for engaging with Western ideas Influence of Political and Social Contexts = Changes in translation priorities based on politics Interdisciplinary Involvement = Participation of various fields in translation efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Translation Models

    • Jerome Model: Emphasizes faithfulness, evolving from strict word-for-word translation to strategic choices based on context.
    • Horace Model: Focuses on negotiation between translator, client, and languages. Privileged language favors the dominant language, historically Latin, now often English.
    • Textual Grid Concept: Cultures share underlying structures that influence translation strategy across languages and time periods.

    Discussion Points (Lefevere)

    • Translation Studies emerged in the 1980s, blending linguistics, history, psychology, and other fields.
    • Translators are "rewriters" shaping the reception of literary works, influencing their cultural impact.

    Roman Jakobson's Contributions

    • Explored linguistic and semiotic aspects of translation, emphasizing message equivalence across languages.
    • Identified three types of translation:
      • Intralingual: Rewording within the same language.
      • Interlingual: Translation between languages.
      • Intersemiotic: Transformation across modes of communication (e.g., verbal to visual).
    • While messages can be translated across languages, poetry requires creative reimagining due to its unique form and sense.

    Eugene Nida's Approach

    • Influenced by Chomsky's generative-transformational grammar, focusing on the relationship between a sentence's deep and surface structures.
    • Introduced two types of equivalence:
      • Formal Equivalence: Focuses on accuracy, matching form and content closely.
      • Dynamic Equivalence: Aims for the same impact on the target audience as the source text.

    Peter Newmark's Method

    • Proposed two types of translation:
      • Semantic Translation: Focuses on conveying the full meaning of the source text.
      • Communicative Translation: Aims for naturalness and clarity in the target language.
    • Emphasized ethical translation, distinguishing between social, non-literary translation and authoritative, serious tasks.

    Vinay & Darbelnet's Comparative Stylistics

    • Analyzed translation differences between French and English, creating a structured framework.
    • Strategies: Overall translator orientation (e.g., free vs. literal translation, focus on source or target language).
    • Procedures: Specific techniques applied to text parts (e.g., borrowing a word, adding notes).
    • Direct Translation: Three procedures:
      • Borrowing: Directly transferring a source language word.
      • Calque: Literal phrase or expression translation.
      • Literal Translation: Word-for-word translation, best when structure and context align.
    • Oblique Translation: Used when literal translation doesn't work, including four procedures:
      • Transposition: Shifting parts of speech without changing meaning.
      • Modulation: Changing the semantics or perspective.
      • Équivalence (Idiomatic Translation): Using stylistic or structural means for the same idea idiomatically.
      • Adaptation: Modifying cultural references for the target audience.
    • Additional Procedures:
      • Amplification: Using more words in the target language.
      • False Friends: Recognizing deceptive cognates with different meanings in different languages
      • Loss, Gain, and Compensation: Acknowledging unavoidable nuances, balanced by gains elsewhere.
      • Explicitation: Making implicit details explicit.
      • Generalization: Using a more general term for a specific term without a neat translation.
    • Three Levels of Translation:
      • Lexicon: Word choice.
      • Syntactic Structures: Sentence structure.
      • Message: Overall meaning and context.

    Translation History in Turkey

    • Translation Bureau (Tercüme Bürosu): Founded in early Turkish Republic, promoting humanism inspired by the Renaissance. Aimed to foster a "Turkish Renaissance," promoting a Western-oriented humanism and enlightenment.
    • Vedat Günyol: Viewed the Bureau as central to Turkey's Westernization and cultural awakening.
    • Azra Erhat: Advocated for the Bureau's role in leading Turkey toward enlightenment through Western classics.

    Nurullah Ataç

    • Saw his era as an "age of translation," marked by a shift in Turkish identity and language away from Perso-Arabic influences.
    • Believed that understanding Western texts required transforming the Turkish language.

    Historical Developments in Translation

    • Seljuk and Ottoman Periods: Persian was the dominant language, with dragomans facilitating communication. Translation expanded into scientific and literary fields, integrating Persian and Arabic works.
    • Tanzimat Era: Shift in cultural orientation from Eastern to Western influences. Translations of European literary and philosophical works brought new themes and ideas.
    • Institutional Translation Efforts: The early 18th-century Tulip Period laid the groundwork for institutionalized translation. Ottoman ministries oversaw the translation of textbooks for higher education.
    • Hasan Ali Yücel's Ministry of Education (1938-1946): The Translation Bureau, particularly active from 1940-1946, translated over a thousand works, fostering a foundation for Turkish language and literature studies.

    Major Themes in Translation History

    • Role of Translation in Cultural Change: Translation was a crucial tool for Turkey's engagement with Western ideas, especially for secular, educational reforms and nation-building efforts.
    • Influence of Political and Social Contexts: Political changes influenced translation priorities, often intertwining with sociocultural developments.
    • Interdisciplinary Involvement: Figures from sociology, history, literature, and archaeology contributed to translation efforts, reflecting its interdisciplinary nature and its impact on shaping Turkish intellectual.

    Conclusion

    Translation in Turkey served as a means of cultural negotiation, modernization, and identity formation throughout the Republic's history.

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    Explore essential translation models and theories, including the Jerome and Horace models, as well as Roman Jakobson's contributions. This quiz delves into the evolution of translation studies and the cultural implications of translation choices.

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