Translation Studies: Chapters 1 & 2
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following areas is NOT part of the pure area of research in translation studies?

  • Contrastive
  • Descriptive
  • Theoretical
  • Applied (correct)

What feature was NOT suggested by Baker for analyzing translated texts?

  • Explication
  • Increased use of uncommon words (correct)
  • Use of common words
  • Grammatical standardization

Translation studies only focus on theoretical research.

False (B)

Monolingual corpora are collections of texts in different languages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the descriptive aspect of translation studies examine?

<p>It examines the product, function, and process of translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three initial stages of the interpretative model in translation?

<p>Reading and understanding, deverbalization, re-expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theoretical side of translation studies is divided into general and __________ theories.

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of applied translation studies with their descriptions:

<p>Translator training = Teaching methods and techniques Translation aids = Tools like dictionaries and software Translation criticism = Evaluation of translations Translation policy = Advice on translation's role in society</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bernardini et al discusses ______ corpora which consist of similar source texts in two languages.

<p>comparable bilingual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory focuses on the relationship between translations and various systems within a cultural context?

<p>Polysystem theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of corpus with their descriptions:

<p>Monolingual corpora = Collections of text in the same language Comparable bilingual corpora = Collections of similar ST in two languages Parallel corpora = ST-TT pairs for translation strategy analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage was added later to the interpretative model by the translators?

<p>Verification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The applied side of translation studies is considered well-developed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two fields are suggested to be considered parallel to translation studies?

<p>Interpreting studies and audiovisual translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gutt's relevance theory emphasizes translation as a process of direct transfer from the source text to target text.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cognitive process of translation analyze?

<p>Changes of ST-TT pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT one of the major pragmatic concepts?

<p>Cohesion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Presupposition is related to the knowledge the sender assumes the receiver to have.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the concept of implicature?

<p>Paul Grice</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hatim and Mason, __________ elements require a literal approach in translation.

<p>stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Coherence = Depends on receiver's expectations Implicature = What the speaker implies rather than explicitly says Stable elements = Require a literal approach in translation Dynamic elements = Challenge the translator in the translation process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of discourse do Hatim and Mason argue goes beyond traditional models?

<p>Sociocultural messages and power relations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polysystem theory views translated literature as a system operating independently from the target culture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four maxims proposed by Grice regarding implicature?

<p>Quantity, Quality, Relevance, Manner, Politeness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the TT of an informative text do?

<p>Transmit the full content in plain prose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The translator should adopt the point of view of the author for expressive type texts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the analytical steps for a translator to follow?

<p>Create grammatical rules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model did Mary Snell-Hornby propose for translation based on text types?

<p>Integrated approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

Formal correspondence refers to categories that occupy different places in the economy of the target language than in the source language.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

TT of ______ text should produce the wanted response in the ST receiver.

<p>operative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the instruction criteria for the adequacy of the TT?

<p>Entertaining elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of translation shifts identified by Catford?

<p>shift of level and shift of category</p> Signup and view all the answers

A __________ shift occurs when something expressed by grammar in one language is expressed by lexis in another.

<p>shift of level</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the translation levels proposed by Mary Snell-Hornby with their descriptions:

<p>Level A = Integration of literary and general language Level B = Indication of the prototype Level C = Show of non-linguistic disciplines Level D = Understanding the function of the ST</p> Signup and view all the answers

The translator's action model focuses on the communication function for the TT producer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of shift with its description:

<p>class shift = Shift from one part of speech to another intra-system shift = Shifts within corresponding systems of SL and TL rank shift = Translation equivalent at a different rank in SL structural shift = Involves a change in grammatical structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who identified the roles involved in the translational action model?

<p>Holz</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is markedness in translation?

<p>Choices that stand out as unusual (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corpus-based translation studies rely heavily on traditional printed texts for their analysis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main criticism of Catford's work?

<p>His examples are idealized and decontextualized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of books are typically translated in the UK and USA?

<p>2-4% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meg Brown's study emphasizes the importance of the reviews in the public reception of translations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of paratextual elements identified by Genette?

<p>Peritexts and epitexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Venuti, English-language reviews generally prefer __________ translations.

<p>fluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the authors to their contributions to translation studies:

<p>George Steiner = Hermeneutics of translation Ezra Pound = Influential theories on translation Walter Benjamin = Philosophical approaches to translation Derrida = Questioning translation principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of Steiner’s hermeneutic motion?

<p>The process of meaning and understanding in translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hermeneutics of translation according to Steiner is defined as a science.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The analysis of reviews can be performed __________ to examine a range of reviews for a single work.

<p>synchronously</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Theoretical Translation Studies

The study of the general principles that explain how translation works.

Descriptive Translation Studies

The study of specific translations and their features, describing them in detail.

General Translation Theories

Translation theories that apply to all types of translation, aiming for broad generalizations.

Partial Translation Theories

Translation theories that focus on specific aspects of translation, like language pairs, time periods, or text types.

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Translation Function

The study of the intended function of a translation within its social and cultural context.

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Translation Process

The study of the mental processes involved in translation, including how translators make decisions and overcome challenges.

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Applied Translation Studies

The use of translation research to improve the practice of translation, including teaching, technology, and evaluation.

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Translation Policy

The study of the role of translation in society, including policies and strategies to promote translation.

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Identify Units of Translation

Identifying the individual units of meaning within a text that need to be translated, for example, words, phrases, or clauses.

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Examine the SL Text

Analyzing the source language text, considering its grammar, vocabulary, and style to understand its meaning and context.

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Reconstruct the Metalinguistic Context

Reconstructing the context of the message, including the background knowledge, cultural references, and social norms of the original text.

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Evaluate Stylistic Effects

Evaluating the stylistic effects of the source language text, such as tone, register, and figurative language, to ensure they are effectively conveyed in the target language.

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Produce and Revise the TT

Producing and revising the target language text, ensuring accuracy, fluency, and adherence to the original meaning and intended stylistic effects.

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Formal Correspondence

A translation technique where a source language category is replaced by a target language category that occupies the same place in the grammatical system but may have a slightly different meaning.

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Textual Equivalent

A translation technique where a source language category is replaced by a target language category that has a similar meaning and function in the specific context of the text.

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Translation Shift

A change in the linguistic structure of a text that occurs during translation from a source language to a target language. This occurs when there is a divergence between two concepts.

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Monolingual Corpus

A collection of texts in the same language, used to analyze features like genre, author style, and word usage.

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Comparable Bilingual Corpus

Two collections of similar texts in different languages, used to find common terms and equivalents.

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Parallel Corpus

Pairs of source and target texts used to identify translation strategies.

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Translation Shift Analysis

The analysis of changes between source and target texts, aiming to understand translation phenomena.

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Interpretative Model of Translation

A model that explains translation as a three-stage process: reading and understanding, deverbalization, and re-expression.

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Relevance Theory of Translation

A model that explains translation as a process of communication with communicative clues, based on inferencing and interpretation.

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Corpus-Based Translation Studies

A method of studying translation by analyzing large amounts of text using computer tools.

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Corpus Linguistics

A type of linguistic analysis that focuses on the features and patterns found in a collection of texts.

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Pragmatics

The study of how language is used in real-life communication situations, considering factors like context, speaker intention, and receiver interpretation.

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Coherence

The degree to which a text makes sense and flows logically based on the receiver's knowledge and expectations.

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Presupposition

The assumed knowledge that the sender believes the receiver already has, affecting the meaning of a message.

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Implicature

The implied meaning beyond the literal words, what the speaker really means or intends to communicate.

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Quantity

Grice's 'quantity' rule states that speakers should provide enough information, but not too much.

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Quality

Grice's 'quality' rule states that speakers should be truthful and have evidence for their claims.

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Relevance

Grice's 'relevance' rule states that contributions should be relevant to the topic at hand.

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Manner

Grice's 'manner' rule states that speakers should be clear, concise, and unambiguous.

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Reception theory

The study of how readers interact with and interpret texts, especially focusing on the social and cultural context of reading.

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Peritext

A type of paratext that appears alongside the main text in the same volume, such as titles, subtitles, and dedications.

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Epitext

A type of paratext that exists outside the main text, such as marketing materials and promotional pamphlets.

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Synchronous review analysis

Analyzing reviews of a single work at a specific point in time.

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Diachronic review analysis

Analyzing reviews of works by an author or a newspaper over a longer period.

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Hermeneutics

The study of understanding and interpretation, often focusing on how meaning is created in communication.

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Hermeneutic motion

An approach to translation that emphasizes the translator's role as a mediator of meaning between languages and cultures.

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Invisible translation

A translation that aims to be as invisible as possible, making it seem as if the original text was written in the target language directly.

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Text Type Model

A classification system that categorizes texts based on their function and purpose. It distinguishes between informative, expressive, and operative text types.

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Translating Informative Texts

The translation method for informative texts aims to convey the complete content of the source text (ST) in a straightforward and clear manner.

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Translating Expressive Texts

The translation method for expressive texts focuses on preserving the aesthetic and artistic elements of the source text (ST), including the author's voice and style.

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Translating Operative Texts

The method for translating operative texts aims to ensure the translated text (TT) achieves the desired response from the target audience, replicating the effect of the source text (ST).

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Integrated Approach to Translation

A model for translating texts that considers the text type and its function in a broader context, including linguistic and non-linguistic factors. It aims to create a translation that is adequate for the target audience and situation.

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Translation Process in Integrated Approach

The translator's role goes beyond simply converting words. It involves understanding the source text's function, determining the communication goal for the target text, and selecting appropriate linguistic and stylistic elements.

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Translatorial Action Model

A translation model that emphasizes the communication process as the central focus. It highlights the various roles involved in the translation process and the importance of achieving a successful communication outcome for the target receiver.

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Multimodal Genres in Translation

A model that acknowledges the growing influence of multimodal forms, incorporating image, audio, and video alongside text. This new approach challenges translators to adapt to the evolving nature of communication and translation.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Main Issues of Translation Studies

  • Translation is the written word, while interpretation is oral
  • Translation studies are a relatively new field compared to the practice of translation
  • This field draws from studies of Ancient Rome, Greek, Latin and the Bible
  • Translation can be considered as a phenomenon, a product or a process
  • The source text (ST), in the source language (SL), is translated into the target text (TT), in the target language (TL)
  • Jakobson distinguished three types of translation: intralingual, interlingual, intersemiotic
  • Translation studies became important due to the expansion of specialised programs, increase of conferences, books, journals

Chapter 2: The Basic Concepts of Early Translation Theory

  • The debate between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation is long-standing
  • Cicero favored sense-for-sense translation
  • Horace criticized word-for-word translations and influenced St. Jerome
  • St Jerome translated the New Testament sense-for-sense, preferring to render the sense of the original Greek text rather than a direct word-for-word translation from the Greek Septuagint version.
  • Early Chinese and Arabic translation practices varied, sometimes favoring literalness due to a lack of bilingual skill, and evolving to preference for rendering the meaning of the text (sense-for-sense).

Chapter 3: Equivalence and Equivalent Effect

  • The debate in translation studies in the past 20th century focused on definition of meaning and equivalence
  • Roman Jakobson proposed 3 types of translation (int., interl., intersem)
  • Equivalence in meaning is difficult because languages encode experience in different ways.
  • Jakobson’s linguistic universalism vs. linguistic relativity: shared vs. different ways of thinking

Chapter 4: Studying Translation Product and Process

  • Vinay and Darbelnet developed a comparative analysis of English and French, identifying 2 main strategies (direct and oblique) and associated procedures (borrowing, calque, literal, etc.)
  • Catford viewed translation as a shift of structure and function based on linguistic factors in the ST-TT pairs rather than a search for equivalent effect.

Chapter 5: Functional Theories of Translation

  • Katharina Reiss developed text types with specific functions and associated translation strategies.
  • She distinguished informative, expressive, and operative texts as the basis for determining translation purpose and effect.
  • Hybrid types are possible blends between the different functionalities

Chapter 6: Discourse and Register Analysis Approaches

  • Hallidayan model—influenced by systemic functional linguistics—examines the relationship between language, social contexts, and cultural frameworks to understand how discourse functions.
  • Analyzes register (field, tenor, and mode) as a social context of communication.

Chapter 7: Systems Theories

  • Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory considers how translation functions within the literary system.
  • The position of translations within that system determines translation methods.
  • Translation can be primary (influencing other works) or secondary (following established norms).

Chapter 8: Cultural and Ideological Turns

  • Lefevere—drawing on the manipulation school—explores translation as a cultural activity where factors like ideology and poetics shape how texts are translated.
  • Translation practices are affected by power relations between specific groups.
  • Postcolonialism—influenced by theorists like Spivak—highlights the imbalance of power in translation, particularly concerning representation of former colonies.

Chapter 9: The Role of the Translator—Cultural and Political Agenda

  • Venuti stresses the power dynamics in the translation industry, including the roles of translators, publishers, and reviewers.
  • Examination of the various roles in translation and their influence on the cultural representation of translated text.

Chapter 10: Philosophical Approaches to Translation

  • Steiner's hermeneutical approach investigates meaning and understanding in translation as a process of transferring meaning between languages.
  • Deconstructionist approaches (as from Derrida) challenge the notion of a stable meaning in translation.

Chapter 11: New Directions from the New Media

  • Audiovisual translation (AVT) and the technological advancements influence the way translation and translation studies are approached
  • The introduction of new media and technologies has changed the ways translators work

Chapter 12: Research and Commentary Process

  • Translation studies focus on commentary on translation strategies and the various factors that influence the work.
  • Research in translation studies investigates the intersection of theory and practice in universities
  • Key aspects like textual, cognitive, sociological, and cultural factors need careful examination.

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