Translation Studies Chapter 1

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Questions and Answers

What are kernel sentences according to Chomsky's model?

Questions that require an answer

Complex sentences with multiple clauses

Simple, active, and declarative sentences (correct)

Sentences that lack grammatical structure

Which technique is used to differentiate a series of words according to their level in Nida's translation science?

Semantic structure analysis

Hierarchical structuring (correct)

Emotive analysis

Componential analysis

What does Nida suggest about the way words acquire meaning?

Meaning is only based on dictionary definitions

Meaning is context-dependent and influenced by culture (correct)

Meaning is determined solely by grammatical structure

Meaning is universally fixed and does not vary

Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings defined by Nida?

Contextual meaning Signup and view all the answers

What does componential analysis seek to achieve in the context of translation?

To identify and discriminate specific features of related words Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of queer theory does Harvey link to cultural identity?

Linguistic characteristics of camp Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Spivak make regarding feminist writing outside Europe?

Feminists should learn the language of the colonized. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Niranjana's criticisms of translation studies?

It focuses too heavily on linguistic structures. Signup and view all the answers

Bassnett and Trivedi view translation as a battleground primarily due to:

Asymmetrical power relationships. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'translatese' refer to in Spivak’s perspective?

Translation that simplifies cultures and identities. Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist emphasized the concepts of hybridity and third space in identity?

Bhabha Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the postcolonial translator need to critically examine according to Niranjana?

Every aspect of colonialism and nationalism. Signup and view all the answers

The focus of postcolonial translation theory primarily includes studies of:

Former colonies and European empires. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'habitus' refer to in the context of translation studies?

The influence of family and education on individual disposition Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capital is characterized as intangible in translation studies?

Social capital Signup and view all the answers

What is 'doxa' in the context of translation?

The dominant ideology of the target culture Signup and view all the answers

Which issue does Venuti highlight about the translation industry?

Publishers often minimize translation costs and restrict translator profits Signup and view all the answers

What role does Fawcett attribute to editors and copy-editors in the translation process?

Shaping the final product through power dynamics Signup and view all the answers

According to Daniel Simeoni, what area of study is essential in understanding translator decisions?

Translatorial habitus and behavior impact Signup and view all the answers

In the translation industry, what is a common goal for many authors regarding their work?

To ensure their work is translated into English Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the 'field' in translation studies?

The domain of interactions affecting translation Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'initiative trust' in the hermeneutic motion?

The translator's first move based on their confidence in understanding some aspect of the source text. Signup and view all the answers

In the hermeneutic motion, what does 'aggression' refer to?

The invasive move where some texts become exhausted by translation. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of importing meaning into the target culture as mentioned?

Complete domestication and permanent strangeness. Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the translator experiencing the foreign language differently from their mother tongue?

Resistance difference. Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to 'imbalance' in the translation process?

The energy transfer from the source text to the target text. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'elective affinity' refer to in translation?

The translator's ability to connect personally with the source text. Signup and view all the answers

Which modern theorists have been influenced by Steiner's ideas on translation?

Berman and Venuti. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language did Ezra Pound prioritize in his work?

The expressive qualities such as clarity, rhythm, sound, and form. Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of Toury's methodology for systematic descriptive translation studies?

Situate the text in the culture system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes initial norms in Toury's theory?

General choices made by translators Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of growing standardization refer to in Toury's framework?

The disruption of ST patterns during translation Signup and view all the answers

What type of norms describe how the TT is presented and its linguistic characteristics?

Operational norms Signup and view all the answers

Which of these aspects does Gentzler attribute to Toury's theory regarding translation?

Incorporation of literary tendencies Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern raised by Hermans about Toury's approach to translation studies?

Neglecting the role of ideological factors Signup and view all the answers

How does Toury define translation equivalence?

As an assumption of equivalence between TT and ST Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of sources from which norms can be reconstructed according to Toury?

Text examination and translator opinions Signup and view all the answers

What does Berman aim to achieve through his concept of translation?

To receive the foreign as the foreign Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the twelve deforming tendencies identified by Berman?

Censorship of ideas Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intervenience' refer to in translation studies?

The influence of the translator's context and audience Signup and view all the answers

Which deformation tendency involves making the translated text longer than the original?

Expansion Signup and view all the answers

How does Venuti characterize the visibility of translators in translation studies?

They often remain largely invisible Signup and view all the answers

What does Tymoczko argue is part of the ideology of translation?

The stance of the translator and the audience's role Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following deformation tendencies involves the loss of lexical variation?

Quantitative impoverishment Signup and view all the answers

What term does Bourdieu use to describe the competitive environment in which translation takes place?

Field Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1: Main Issues of Translation Studies

Translation is the written form, interpretation is oral
Translation studies are a relatively new area of study compared to the practice of translation
Translation was born in Ancient Rome, with theories originating from the study of classical Greek and Latin, as well as the Bible
Today, translation encompasses the phenomenon, the product, and the process
The process involves a source text (ST) in the source language (SL) and a target text (TT) in the target language (TL)
Jakobson distinguished three types of translation:
- Intralingual (interpretation of a verbal sign in the same language)
- Interlingual (interpretation of a verbal sign in a different language)
- Intersemiotic (translation from one code to another)
Translation studies have expanded due to specialized programs, conferences, books, journals, and international organizations

Chapter 2: The Basic Concepts of Early Translation Theory: Word-for-Word or Sense-for-Sense?

The debate between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation dates back to Cicero and St. Jerome
Cicero preferred sense-for-sense translation
Horace criticised word-for-word
St. Jerome translated the New Testament sense-for-sense and Old Testament based on the Septuagint -rejected word-for-word translations as they can lead to absurd translations

Chapter 3: Equivalence and Equivalent Effect

The 19th-20th century debate concerned meaning and equivalence
Roman Jakobson described three types of translation: intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic. This focused on what constitutes "equivalent"
Linguistic universalism states that different languages share a mode of thought.
Linguistic relativity states that different languages create different ways of thinking
For Jakobson only poetry is untranslatable; it requires creative transposition

Chapter 4: Studying Translation Product and Process

Vinay and Darbelnet's comparative analysis of French and English identified two strategies (direct and oblique translation).
Seven translation procedures (borrowing, calque, literal translation, etc.) were identified.
Catford proposed linguistic approach to translation that led to the notion of "shifts" in translation.
Catford identified "shifts in rank," and "shifts in category".

Chapter 5: Functional Theories of Translation

Reiss categorized text types based on their purpose and functions (informative, expressive, and operative).
Reiss highlighted how different text types suggest specific translation strategies.
This theory expanded to hybrid types, which are a mix of text types

Chapter 6: Discourse and Register Analysis Approaches

Halliday's model emphasized the strong connection between language and sociocultural contexts.
Text types, field, tenor, and mode are useful tools

Chapter 7: Systems Theories

Even-Zohar studied how translations function within cultural, literary, and social contexts.
The dominant and secondary positions of translated literature within a literary system were important.

Chapter 8: Cultural and Ideological Turns

Lefevere focused on the ideological and poetic factors influencing literary texts and their translations.
These factors, including patronage, and the need for literary style and status were key

Chapter 9: The Role of the Translator

Venuti examined how translator invisibility shapes translation practice and theory
There is a power struggle between translators and commissioners.

Chapter 10: Philosophical Approaches to Translation

Steiner explored meaning-making and communication through translation in philosophical and hermeneutical terms
Steiner describes translation not as a science, but as an art, and describes 4 moves during translation: initiative trust, aggression, incorporation, and compensation

Chapter 11: New Directions from the New Media

Translation theory has expanded to cover audio-visual, multimodal, and new media types of text in translation
The concept of “multimedia” in translation has emerged as a key aspect due to multiple types of translation formats.

Chapter 12: Research and Commentary Process

Students of translation often need to comment on translation strategies and processes, which can provide valuable insights into translation as a process.
The processes including textual, cognitive, sociological, and cultural considerations are vital

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Description

Explore the foundational concepts of translation studies in this quiz covering Chapter 1. Discover how translation distinguishes between written and oral forms, the origins of translation theories, and Jakobson's types of translation. This quiz highlights the evolution of translation as a crucial area of study.