Translation Studies Chapter 1
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Questions and Answers

What are kernel sentences according to Chomsky's model?

  • Questions that require an answer
  • Complex sentences with multiple clauses
  • Simple, active, and declarative sentences (correct)
  • Sentences that lack grammatical structure

Which technique is used to differentiate a series of words according to their level in Nida's translation science?

  • Semantic structure analysis
  • Hierarchical structuring (correct)
  • Emotive analysis
  • Componential analysis

What does Nida suggest about the way words acquire meaning?

  • Meaning is only based on dictionary definitions
  • Meaning is context-dependent and influenced by culture (correct)
  • Meaning is determined solely by grammatical structure
  • Meaning is universally fixed and does not vary

Which of the following is NOT one of the meanings defined by Nida?

<p>Contextual meaning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does componential analysis seek to achieve in the context of translation?

<p>To identify and discriminate specific features of related words (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of queer theory does Harvey link to cultural identity?

<p>Linguistic characteristics of camp (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism did Spivak make regarding feminist writing outside Europe?

<p>Feminists should learn the language of the colonized. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Niranjana's criticisms of translation studies?

<p>It focuses too heavily on linguistic structures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bassnett and Trivedi view translation as a battleground primarily due to:

<p>Asymmetrical power relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'translatese' refer to in Spivak’s perspective?

<p>Translation that simplifies cultures and identities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist emphasized the concepts of hybridity and third space in identity?

<p>Bhabha (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the postcolonial translator need to critically examine according to Niranjana?

<p>Every aspect of colonialism and nationalism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The focus of postcolonial translation theory primarily includes studies of:

<p>Former colonies and European empires. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'habitus' refer to in the context of translation studies?

<p>The influence of family and education on individual disposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of capital is characterized as intangible in translation studies?

<p>Social capital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'doxa' in the context of translation?

<p>The dominant ideology of the target culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which issue does Venuti highlight about the translation industry?

<p>Publishers often minimize translation costs and restrict translator profits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does Fawcett attribute to editors and copy-editors in the translation process?

<p>Shaping the final product through power dynamics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Daniel Simeoni, what area of study is essential in understanding translator decisions?

<p>Translatorial habitus and behavior impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the translation industry, what is a common goal for many authors regarding their work?

<p>To ensure their work is translated into English (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the 'field' in translation studies?

<p>The domain of interactions affecting translation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'initiative trust' in the hermeneutic motion?

<p>The translator's first move based on their confidence in understanding some aspect of the source text. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the hermeneutic motion, what does 'aggression' refer to?

<p>The invasive move where some texts become exhausted by translation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of importing meaning into the target culture as mentioned?

<p>Complete domestication and permanent strangeness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the translator experiencing the foreign language differently from their mother tongue?

<p>Resistance difference. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to 'imbalance' in the translation process?

<p>The energy transfer from the source text to the target text. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'elective affinity' refer to in translation?

<p>The translator's ability to connect personally with the source text. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which modern theorists have been influenced by Steiner's ideas on translation?

<p>Berman and Venuti. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language did Ezra Pound prioritize in his work?

<p>The expressive qualities such as clarity, rhythm, sound, and form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first phase of Toury's methodology for systematic descriptive translation studies?

<p>Situate the text in the culture system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes initial norms in Toury's theory?

<p>General choices made by translators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of growing standardization refer to in Toury's framework?

<p>The disruption of ST patterns during translation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of norms describe how the TT is presented and its linguistic characteristics?

<p>Operational norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these aspects does Gentzler attribute to Toury's theory regarding translation?

<p>Incorporation of literary tendencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a concern raised by Hermans about Toury's approach to translation studies?

<p>Neglecting the role of ideological factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Toury define translation equivalence?

<p>As an assumption of equivalence between TT and ST (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of sources from which norms can be reconstructed according to Toury?

<p>Text examination and translator opinions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Berman aim to achieve through his concept of translation?

<p>To receive the foreign as the foreign (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the twelve deforming tendencies identified by Berman?

<p>Censorship of ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'intervenience' refer to in translation studies?

<p>The influence of the translator's context and audience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which deformation tendency involves making the translated text longer than the original?

<p>Expansion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Venuti characterize the visibility of translators in translation studies?

<p>They often remain largely invisible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Tymoczko argue is part of the ideology of translation?

<p>The stance of the translator and the audience's role (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following deformation tendencies involves the loss of lexical variation?

<p>Quantitative impoverishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term does Bourdieu use to describe the competitive environment in which translation takes place?

<p>Field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chomsky's Model of Sentence Structure

A model that breaks down sentences into levels governed by rules, creating a deep structure that is transformed into a surface structure, subject to phonological and morphemic rules.

Kernel Sentences

The most basic, simple, active, and declarative sentences, forming the foundation of Chomsky's model.

Contextual Meaning

The meaning of a word is determined by its context and can evoke different responses in different cultures.

Componential Analysis

A technique that breaks down related words into their specific features, helping to identify differences in meaning.

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Semantic Structure Analysis

A technique that examines the various meanings of a word based on its characteristics, taking into account context and target culture.

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Postcolonial Translation Theory

The study of how translation reflects and reinforces power imbalances between colonizer and colonized cultures.

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Translatese

The idea that translation often erases the individuality and cultural identity of the original source, creating a generic, homogenized text.

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Gayatri Spivak

A feminist scholar who argues against the expectation of non-European feminist writing being translated into English, advocating for a more equitable and respectful approach to translation.

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Tejaswini Niranjana

A scholar who critiques translation practices for overlooking power imbalances between languages and misrepresenting the East.

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Translation as Battleground

The concept that translation is a site of struggle where local languages fight against the dominance of English.

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Hybridity

The idea that individuals may be connected to more than one cultural framework, existing in a space between traditional identities.

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Third Space

The concept that translation is a process of negotiating cultural differences and challenging fixed identities.

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Ideologies of Translation Theorists

The recognition that translation studies involves diverse perspectives, ideologies, and critical voices.

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Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies

A systematic approach to studying translation that involves analyzing the source text (ST) and target text (TT) to identify patterns and relationships between them.

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Initial Norms in Translation

The initial choices made by translators, such as the type of translation (e.g., literal, free).

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Preliminary Norms in Translation

The norms that govern the translator's approach, such as the translation policy or the level of directness.

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Operational Norms in Translation

The norms that relate to the linguistic and stylistic elements of the target text, including presentation and language choices.

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Law of Growing Standardization

A phenomenon observed in translation where translators tend to simplify complex structures in the source text, leading to a more standardized target text.

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Law of Interference

A phenomenon observed in translation where elements from the source language are copied into the target language, potentially influencing the target text's style and structure.

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Equivalence in Toury's Theory

Translation equivalence is not a goal, but a concept used in analyzing the relationship between the source text and the target text.

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Translation as a Cultural Phenomenon

The tendency for translations to reflect the norms and cultural context of the target language and culture.

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Habitus

The ingrained ways of thinking and behaving, shaped by family and education. These dispositions influence how we perceive and interact with the world.

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Social Capital

A type of capital, denoting a person's social connections and networks.

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Doxa

The dominant ideology or beliefs of a culture.

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Illusio

The limits of our awareness, shaped by our cultural background.

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Heteronomy and Autonomy

The power and influence of one field over another.

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Naming in Field Theory

The practice of designating or defining a field.

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Power Network in Translation

The power dynamics within the translation industry, where publishers often hold more power.

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Agents in Translation

Those involved in the translation process, from commissioners to translators and editors.

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Receiving the foreign as the foreign

The ethical aim of translation, where the foreign text retains its unique characteristics and is not assimilated into the target language.

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Negative Analytic

Negative Analytic identifies 12 tendencies that distort the original text in translation, leading to its assimilation into the target language.

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Clarification

The tendency of translators to simplify and clarify the source text, making it more accessible to the target audience.

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Ennoblement

A translator's conscious or unconscious tendency to enhance the quality of the source text, potentially altering its original intention and style.

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Qualitative impoverishment

The loss of linguistic richness and subtlety in translation, where words are replaced with simpler or less expressive equivalents.

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Intervenience

A concept related to translator invisibility and the position they occupy in the translation process.

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Bourdieu's field

The concept of a field as a site of struggle between participants and agents, relevant to understanding translation.

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Ideology of translation

The idea that the ideology of translation is not confined to the translated text but also encompasses the translator's stance and the audience's perspective.

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Initiative Trust

The first move in hermeneutic translation, involves making an initial guess about the meaning of the text, which may prove to be either completely accurate or completely off.

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Aggression (in Hermeneutic Translation)

When the translator dives deep into the source text, trying to extract meaning and understand its nuances. This can lead to either a complete understanding or a feeling of being overwhelmed by the text.

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Incorporation (in Hermeneutic Translation)

The process of integrating the source text's meaning into the target language, considering the existing cultural and linguistic context.

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Complete Domestication

A way of understanding translation where the source text's meaning is fully adapted to the target language, losing some of its original cultural context. It prioritizes fluency and ease of reading for the target audience.

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Permanent Strangeness

A form of translation that retains more of the source text's original cultural and linguistic elements, often requiring extensive notes and explanations.

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Elective Affinity

The idea that the translator has a personal connection to the source text, drawn to it because they see reflections of their own experiences and ideas.

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Resistance Difference

The translator experiences the foreign language as fundamentally different from their own, recognizing the unique challenges and possibilities of translation.

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Discussion of Steiner's Hermeneutic Theory

The tension between the translator's desire to understand and incorporate the source text, while also recognizing the limitations of translation and the need to maintain the original meaning.

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Study Notes

Chapter 1: Main Issues of Translation Studies

  • Translation is the written form, interpretation is oral
  • Translation studies are a relatively new area of study compared to the practice of translation
  • Translation was born in Ancient Rome, with theories originating from the study of classical Greek and Latin, as well as the Bible
  • Today, translation encompasses the phenomenon, the product, and the process
  • The process involves a source text (ST) in the source language (SL) and a target text (TT) in the target language (TL)
  • Jakobson distinguished three types of translation:
    • Intralingual (interpretation of a verbal sign in the same language)
    • Interlingual (interpretation of a verbal sign in a different language)
    • Intersemiotic (translation from one code to another)
  • Translation studies have expanded due to specialized programs, conferences, books, journals, and international organizations

Chapter 2: The Basic Concepts of Early Translation Theory: Word-for-Word or Sense-for-Sense?

  • The debate between word-for-word and sense-for-sense translation dates back to Cicero and St. Jerome
  • Cicero preferred sense-for-sense translation
  • Horace criticised word-for-word
  • St. Jerome translated the New Testament sense-for-sense and Old Testament based on the Septuagint -rejected word-for-word translations as they can lead to absurd translations

Chapter 3: Equivalence and Equivalent Effect

  • The 19th-20th century debate concerned meaning and equivalence
  • Roman Jakobson described three types of translation: intralingual, interlingual, and intersemiotic. This focused on what constitutes "equivalent"
  • Linguistic universalism states that different languages share a mode of thought.
  • Linguistic relativity states that different languages create different ways of thinking
  • For Jakobson only poetry is untranslatable; it requires creative transposition

Chapter 4: Studying Translation Product and Process

  • Vinay and Darbelnet's comparative analysis of French and English identified two strategies (direct and oblique translation).
  • Seven translation procedures (borrowing, calque, literal translation, etc.) were identified.
  • Catford proposed linguistic approach to translation that led to the notion of "shifts" in translation.
  • Catford identified "shifts in rank," and "shifts in category".

Chapter 5: Functional Theories of Translation

  • Reiss categorized text types based on their purpose and functions (informative, expressive, and operative).
  • Reiss highlighted how different text types suggest specific translation strategies.
  • This theory expanded to hybrid types, which are a mix of text types

Chapter 6: Discourse and Register Analysis Approaches

  • Halliday's model emphasized the strong connection between language and sociocultural contexts.
  • Text types, field, tenor, and mode are useful tools

Chapter 7: Systems Theories

  • Even-Zohar studied how translations function within cultural, literary, and social contexts.
  • The dominant and secondary positions of translated literature within a literary system were important.

Chapter 8: Cultural and Ideological Turns

  • Lefevere focused on the ideological and poetic factors influencing literary texts and their translations.
  • These factors, including patronage, and the need for literary style and status were key

Chapter 9: The Role of the Translator

  • Venuti examined how translator invisibility shapes translation practice and theory
  • There is a power struggle between translators and commissioners.

Chapter 10: Philosophical Approaches to Translation

  • Steiner explored meaning-making and communication through translation in philosophical and hermeneutical terms
  • Steiner describes translation not as a science, but as an art, and describes 4 moves during translation: initiative trust, aggression, incorporation, and compensation

Chapter 11: New Directions from the New Media

  • Translation theory has expanded to cover audio-visual, multimodal, and new media types of text in translation
  • The concept of “multimedia” in translation has emerged as a key aspect due to multiple types of translation formats.

Chapter 12: Research and Commentary Process

  • Students of translation often need to comment on translation strategies and processes, which can provide valuable insights into translation as a process.
  • The processes including textual, cognitive, sociological, and cultural considerations are vital

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