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Questions and Answers
What are the main methods currently used to defend against insect carriers of viruses?
What are the main methods currently used to defend against insect carriers of viruses?
Physical barriers and chemical pesticides are currently used to defend against insect carriers of viruses.
Why are there no effective or long-lasting ways to fight viral diseases in plants?
Why are there no effective or long-lasting ways to fight viral diseases in plants?
The epidemiological changes caused by viral disease outbreaks, the speed with which viruses change, and the fact that viral vectors are always moving make it difficult to develop effective and long-lasting ways to fight viral diseases in plants.
What is the most cost-effective technique for reducing losses caused by viral infections in plants?
What is the most cost-effective technique for reducing losses caused by viral infections in plants?
Introducing plant varieties that are resistant to viral infections into commercial production is the most cost-effective technique for reducing losses caused by viral infections.
How have modern biotechnologies and in-depth studies impacted the fight against viral infections in plants?
How have modern biotechnologies and in-depth studies impacted the fight against viral infections in plants?
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Explain how geminivirus IRs and CRISPR/Cas9-induced ORF variations affect viral titer levels in tomato and N. benthamiana.
Explain how geminivirus IRs and CRISPR/Cas9-induced ORF variations affect viral titer levels in tomato and N. benthamiana.
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How did Mao et al. (2018) enhance the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 in editing the AP1 and TT4 genes in Arabidopsis plants?
How did Mao et al. (2018) enhance the efficacy of CRISPR/Cas9 in editing the AP1 and TT4 genes in Arabidopsis plants?
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What is the potential consequence of employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the viral genome?
What is the potential consequence of employing the CRISPR/Cas9 system to target the viral genome?
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How do sequence-nonspecific effects and the presence of secondary structures of dsRNA domains in sgRNA limit the utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?
How do sequence-nonspecific effects and the presence of secondary structures of dsRNA domains in sgRNA limit the utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?
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What is the mechanism by which RNA silencing takes place in plants?
What is the mechanism by which RNA silencing takes place in plants?
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What is the role of suppressor proteins in the process of plant RNA silencing?
What is the role of suppressor proteins in the process of plant RNA silencing?
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What is the potential advantage of using RNAi-based technology in overcoming the shortcomings of conventional viral resistance breeding?
What is the potential advantage of using RNAi-based technology in overcoming the shortcomings of conventional viral resistance breeding?
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What are the proteins involved in RNA interference in plants?
What are the proteins involved in RNA interference in plants?
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Explain the role of CRISPR arrays in bacterial and archaeal species?
Explain the role of CRISPR arrays in bacterial and archaeal species?
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What is the function of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?
What is the function of the CRISPR/Cas9 system?
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What are some examples of DNA viruses being targeted using CRISPR/Cas technology?
What are some examples of DNA viruses being targeted using CRISPR/Cas technology?
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How do secondary structure-targeted guide RNAs contribute to silencing geminiviruses?
How do secondary structure-targeted guide RNAs contribute to silencing geminiviruses?
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Explain the concept of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) and its implications for plant virus resistance.
Explain the concept of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) and its implications for plant virus resistance.
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Discuss the role of dominant resistance genes, specifically the NB-LRR type, in plant defense against viral infection.
Discuss the role of dominant resistance genes, specifically the NB-LRR type, in plant defense against viral infection.
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Explain the significance of the universal non-host resistance (NHR) mechanism in limiting the ability of phytoviruses to infect plants.
Explain the significance of the universal non-host resistance (NHR) mechanism in limiting the ability of phytoviruses to infect plants.
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Describe the role of recessive resistance genes in halting the spread of potyviruses within host cells.
Describe the role of recessive resistance genes in halting the spread of potyviruses within host cells.
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Study Notes
- The text discusses the importance of understanding how viruses interact with host cells under biotic stress factors to develop security measures and optimize field control measures.
- The journal is published by the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) and Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute (ITP – PIB).
- The concept of pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) was first proposed in 1985, suggesting that a phytopathogen's genetic components expressed in plant cells give resistance to viral pathogenesis.
- Several plant defence mechanisms, including the innate immune system, limit the ability of phytoviruses to infect all plants due to the universal non-host resistance (NHR) mechanism.
- The first type of universal resistance involves thickening the cell wall and the synthesis of secondary metabolites to prevent pathogen entry. Once the pathogen overcomes this resistance, local necrosis activates the second type of resistance.
- Pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on the plasma membrane of plants identify specific structures or proteins (microbial-associated molecular patterns, or MAMP, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or PAMP) to recognize and respond to phytopathogens.
- Phytoviruses cannot directly penetrate the first type of universal resistance and can enter plant cells manually or through vectors such as nematodes, fungi, and insects.
- Dominant resistance genes, most of which are NB-LRR type, cause a hypersensitive response or extreme response in infected plants. These genes activate the production of various molecules such as salicylic acid, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and Ca2+ ions for the defense against viral infection.
- Before, it was believed that the hypersensitive response and resistance response shared the same component, but recent studies have shown that they have separate physiological pathways.
- Undesirable phenotypic traits are associated with dominant genes for plant virus resistance, making it difficult for plant viruses to evolve resistance to them.
- Recessive resistance genes interact with host cell translation factors to halt the spread of potyviruses. These genes target the viral transcript cap structure or the viral VPg protein to prevent translation.
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Test your knowledge on the interaction of cap-like structures with eIF4E/eIF4G for translation and the host selection mechanism for combating viral infections.