Transcription, Enzymes, and Limiting Factors

<p>Complementary base pairing with the template DNA strand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p><code>5'-AAGUCAA-3'</code> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is identical in sequence to the synthesized RNA, except with uracil replacing thymine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA polymerase encounters a specific sequence indicating the end of the gene. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gene is a sequence of DNA that is transcribed into RNA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stressing bonds in the substrate, thus lowering the activation energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring the total enzyme concentration in the solution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing the substrate concentration significantly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the frequency of successful collisions between enzyme and substrate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the enzyme's active site, hindering substrate binding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the charge of the enzyme, affecting both its solubility and shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All active sites are occupied by the substrate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption spectra identify wavelengths absorbed by photosynthetic pigments, whereas action spectra indicate wavelengths effectively used in photosynthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pigments' differing affinities for the mobile and stationary phases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>400nm to 700nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, reflecting/transmitting green light. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By producing the ATP and hydrogen required to fix carbon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides the energy required to fix carbon dioxide and synthesize new organic compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Splitting of water molecules during the light-dependent reactions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows more carbon atoms to be combined into organic compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll and generates hydrogen ions for ATP synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infrared radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By incorporating their genetic material into the host cell's genome, disrupting normal gene function. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Silent mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An altered reading frame leading to a significantly different amino acid sequence from the point of mutation onward. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell will have a reduced capacity to repair DNA damage, potentially leading to further mutations and increased cancer risk. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expose the compound to cells and observe any changes in DNA sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A frameshift mutation due to insertion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By impairing the repair of DNA damage, leading to accumulation of mutations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of altered CO2 levels on plant growth and photosynthesis rates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Greenhouse experiments allow for greater control of variables, while FACE experiments involve natural conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Another factor, such as carbon dioxide levels or temperature, is limiting the reaction rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring the dry weight of the plant over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To establish the basal levels of cell respiration in the plant. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy is stored as chemical energy in the covalent bonds (as high-energy electrons). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three phosphate groups, especially the terminal phosphate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By shuttling components needed for the reaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It releases a relatively small amount of energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy is released, causing a change in the molecule. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mutation may contribute to the development of cancer in the organism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon, allowing the population to evolve and adapt. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gametes are haploid cells formed through meiosis, and they fuse to form diploid zygotes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A heterozygous genotype has two different alleles, while a homozygous genotype has two identical alleles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The observable characteristics of an organism, such as height or hair color. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenotypic plasticity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenotypic plasticity involves changes in gene expression without altering the DNA sequence, while a change in genotype involves an alteration of the DNA sequence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate fertilization and control breeding between specific plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parental generation, first filial generation (offspring), and second filial generation, respectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Changes in enzyme structure enhance catalytic activity by stressing substrate bonds and lowering activation energy.

Enzyme activity can be influenced by temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and enzyme concentration.

Enzymes and substrates must collide correctly in orientation for a reaction to occur at the active site.

Denaturation unfolds proteins, disrupting the active site and diminishing enzyme activity.

Each enzyme has a specific temperature at which its activity peaks before denaturation occurs.

Changes in pH alter an enzyme's charge, solubility, and shape, impacting reaction rates.

Increasing substrate concentration raises enzyme activity until saturation occurs, where all active sites are occupied.

Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy in organic compounds for plants.

Chlorophyll is the main pigment that absorbs red and blue light for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis utilizes visible light wavelengths (400-700nm) for energy absorption, seen as colors.

Wavelengths used by pigments in photosynthesis.

Wavelengths absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.

Technique used to separate pigments by size.

Convert light energy into ATP.

Splitting of water molecules during photosynthesis.

Use ATP to synthesize organic compounds.

Value used to identify separated pigments.

Conversion of ADP + Pi into ATP via light energy.

The reaction rate is constrained by the most limiting condition.

Conditions such as temperature, pH, glucose, and oxygen affect respiration rates.

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.

A DNA sequence that is transcribed into RNA.

The enzyme that binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA during transcription.

The DNA strand that has the base sequence copied into RNA.

Bases pair through hydrogen bonds, ensuring correct RNA formation.

Natural substances used to produce energy, releasing CO2.

Process by which plants convert CO2 and sunlight into glucose.

Conditions that limit the rate of photosynthesis.

Experiments that increase CO2 to study its effects on plants.

The amount of light energy hitting a surface, affecting photosynthesis.

Molecule storing and transferring energy within cells.

The release of O2 during photosynthesis, measurable via gas volume.

Organic molecules that assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions.

Process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy.

Controlled settings to study plant growth and CO2 effects.

Mutations occurring in body cells, not inherited.

Mutations in gametes that can be inherited.

Diversity in gene alleles within a population.

Cells with one copy of each chromosome.

Cells with two copies of each chromosome.

Combination of alleles inherited by an organism.

Observable characteristics of an organism.

Multiple distinct phenotypes existing for a trait.

Alteration of traits by environmental conditions.

Tool to represent genetic crosses visually.

Mistakes during DNA replication that can lead to mutations.

Agents that induce permanent changes in genetic material.

Modification of a single nucleotide in DNA sequence.

Replacing one base in DNA with another.

Base substitution that does not change the amino acid produced.

Insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame of DNA.

A tumor suppressor gene that repairs DNA and prevents mutations.

Base substitution that creates a STOP codon, terminating protein synthesis early.