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Questions and Answers
Which enzyme is responsible for transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Which enzyme is responsible for transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In transcription, where does the enzyme bind prior to initiating the process?
In transcription, where does the enzyme bind prior to initiating the process?
What is the direction of chain elongation during transcription?
What is the direction of chain elongation during transcription?
What drives the polymerization reaction in transcription?
What drives the polymerization reaction in transcription?
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In prokaryotes, how many types of RNA polymerase are there?
In prokaryotes, how many types of RNA polymerase are there?
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Where are bacterial promoters located relative to the site of initiation?
Where are bacterial promoters located relative to the site of initiation?
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Which RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing mRNAs in eukaryotes?
Which RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing mRNAs in eukaryotes?
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What happens to newly transcribed RNAs in eukaryotes?
What happens to newly transcribed RNAs in eukaryotes?
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What is the DNA segment corresponding to a primary transcript called?
What is the DNA segment corresponding to a primary transcript called?
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Where are rDNA clusters typically found in nondividing cells?
Where are rDNA clusters typically found in nondividing cells?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and proteins according to the text?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between genes and proteins according to the text?
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What did Garrod study in relation to the relationship between genes and proteins?
What did Garrod study in relation to the relationship between genes and proteins?
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What hypothesis did Beadle and Tatum formulate?
What hypothesis did Beadle and Tatum formulate?
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How was Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis later modified?
How was Beadle and Tatum's hypothesis later modified?
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What is the process by which RNA is formed from a DNA template called?
What is the process by which RNA is formed from a DNA template called?
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What is the process by which proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm from an mRNA template called?
What is the process by which proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm from an mRNA template called?
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Which class of RNA recognizes other molecules, provides structural support, and catalyzes chemical reactions?
Which class of RNA recognizes other molecules, provides structural support, and catalyzes chemical reactions?
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What is required to translate information in the mRNA code into amino acids?
What is required to translate information in the mRNA code into amino acids?
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What is the structure of a bacterial ribosomal RNA?
What is the structure of a bacterial ribosomal RNA?
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How many classes of RNA are there in a cell according to the text?
How many classes of RNA are there in a cell according to the text?
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Which hypothesis did Beadle and Tatum formulate?
Which hypothesis did Beadle and Tatum formulate?
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What is the process by which RNA is formed from a DNA template called?
What is the process by which RNA is formed from a DNA template called?
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What is the structure of a bacterial ribosomal RNA?
What is the structure of a bacterial ribosomal RNA?
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How many classes of RNA are there in a cell according to the text?
How many classes of RNA are there in a cell according to the text?
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What drives the polymerization reaction in transcription?
What drives the polymerization reaction in transcription?
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Where are bacterial promoters located relative to the site of initiation?
Where are bacterial promoters located relative to the site of initiation?
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What happens to newly transcribed RNAs in eukaryotes?
What happens to newly transcribed RNAs in eukaryotes?
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In prokaryotes, how many types of RNA polymerase are there?
In prokaryotes, how many types of RNA polymerase are there?
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What did Garrod study in relation to the relationship between genes and proteins?
What did Garrod study in relation to the relationship between genes and proteins?
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What is required to translate information in the mRNA code into amino acids?
What is required to translate information in the mRNA code into amino acids?
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Which type of RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing tRNAs in eukaryotes?
Which type of RNA polymerase is responsible for transcribing tRNAs in eukaryotes?
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What is the function of transcription factors in the process of transcription?
What is the function of transcription factors in the process of transcription?
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What drives the forward reaction in the polymerization of RNA during transcription?
What drives the forward reaction in the polymerization of RNA during transcription?
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What is the DNA segment corresponding to a primary transcript called?
What is the DNA segment corresponding to a primary transcript called?
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What is the function of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
What is the function of the sigma factor in prokaryotic transcription?
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Where are bacterial promoters located relative to the site of initiation?
Where are bacterial promoters located relative to the site of initiation?
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What are the two conserved regions in bacterial promoters?
What are the two conserved regions in bacterial promoters?
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What is the function of the rho factor protein in bacterial transcription termination?
What is the function of the rho factor protein in bacterial transcription termination?
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What are the enzymatic activities of RNA polymerase?
What are the enzymatic activities of RNA polymerase?
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Where are rDNA clusters typically found in nondividing cells?
Where are rDNA clusters typically found in nondividing cells?
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Study Notes
Transcription
- RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region prior to initiating transcription.
- The direction of chain elongation during transcription is 5' to 3'.
- The polymerization reaction in transcription is driven by the energy released from the breakdown of nucleoside triphosphates.
Prokaryotes
- There is one type of RNA polymerase in prokaryotes.
- Bacterial promoters are located upstream of the site of initiation.
- The sigma factor is necessary for the initiation of transcription in prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes
- RNA polymerase II is responsible for transcribing mRNAs in eukaryotes.
- RNA polymerase I is responsible for transcribing rRNAs, and RNA polymerase III is responsible for transcribing tRNAs and other small RNAs.
- Newly transcribed RNAs in eukaryotes undergo several processing steps before they are mature and functional.
RNA Structure and Function
- There are three main classes of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
- rRNA is typically found in clusters in nondividing cells.
- The structure of a bacterial ribosomal RNA is single-stranded.
- RNA recognizes other molecules, provides structural support, and catalyzes chemical reactions.
Gene Expression
- The process of forming RNA from a DNA template is called transcription.
- The process of synthesizing proteins in the cytoplasm from an mRNA template is called translation.
- Translation requires tRNAs, ribosomes, and amino acids.
- The relationship between genes and proteins is that one gene specifies one enzyme.
Historical Background
- Archibald Garrod studied the relationship between genes and proteins, proposing the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis.
- Beadle and Tatum formulated the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis, which was later modified to the "one gene-one polypeptide" hypothesis.
- The "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis states that one gene specifies one enzyme, which in turn catalyzes a specific chemical reaction.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the relationship between genes and proteins with this quiz based on Chapter 11.1 of Gene Expression: From Transcription to Translation. Explore the early observations made by Garrod and the breakthrough work of Beadle and Tatum in understanding the connection between genes, enzymes, and metabolic conditions.
