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Questions and Answers
What is the key structural difference between DNA and RNA?
What is the key structural difference between DNA and RNA?
- DNA contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA contains ribose sugar. (correct)
- DNA is typically found in the cytoplasm, while RNA is in the nucleus.
- DNA uses uracil as a base, while RNA uses thymine.
- DNA is single-stranded, while RNA is double-stranded.
The main goal of transcription is to produce:
The main goal of transcription is to produce:
- RNA molecules that can be translated into proteins. (correct)
- Enzymes that repair damaged DNA.
- Proteins directly from a DNA template.
- DNA molecules for replication.
What describes the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
What describes the function of mRNA in protein synthesis?
- It stabilizes the ribosome during translation.
- It carries amino acids to the ribosome.
- It transcribes DNA into a complementary sequence.
- It carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome. (correct)
How does the promoter region function in a gene?
How does the promoter region function in a gene?
What is the primary activity during the elongation phase of transcription?
What is the primary activity during the elongation phase of transcription?
Why is the location of transcription in the nucleus important?
Why is the location of transcription in the nucleus important?
What role does RNA polymerase serve during transcription?
What role does RNA polymerase serve during transcription?
What signals the end of transcription?
What signals the end of transcription?
What is the primary purpose of translation?
What is the primary purpose of translation?
Arrange the steps of translation in the correct order:
Arrange the steps of translation in the correct order:
Which cellular component initiates the translation process?
Which cellular component initiates the translation process?
During the elongation phase of translation, what occurs?
During the elongation phase of translation, what occurs?
What type of bond is formed between amino acids during translation?
What type of bond is formed between amino acids during translation?
What characterizes a frameshift mutation?
What characterizes a frameshift mutation?
A silent mutation typically results in:
A silent mutation typically results in:
How do DNA mutations typically occur?
How do DNA mutations typically occur?
What is the outcome of a missense mutation?
What is the outcome of a missense mutation?
How would you describe a mutagen?
How would you describe a mutagen?
Mutations are always harmful to an organism.
Mutations are always harmful to an organism.
What defines a substitution mutation?
What defines a substitution mutation?
Flashcards
DNA vs RNA structure
DNA vs RNA structure
DNA is double-stranded forming a helix, RNA is single-stranded allowing interaction during transcription/translation.
Goal of Transcription
Goal of Transcription
To convert DNA into RNA for translation into proteins, enabling cell functions.
mRNA Function
mRNA Function
mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
Promoter Region Function
Promoter Region Function
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Elongation During Transcription
Elongation During Transcription
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Transcription Location
Transcription Location
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Role of RNA Polymerase
Role of RNA Polymerase
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Terminator Region Purpose
Terminator Region Purpose
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Goal of Translation
Goal of Translation
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Translation Steps (Order)
Translation Steps (Order)
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Translation Initiation
Translation Initiation
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Elongation (Translation)
Elongation (Translation)
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Amino Acid Bond
Amino Acid Bond
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Frameshift Mutation
Frameshift Mutation
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Silent Mutation
Silent Mutation
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DNA Mutation Cause
DNA Mutation Cause
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Missense Mutation
Missense Mutation
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What is a Mutagen?
What is a Mutagen?
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Beneficial Mutations
Beneficial Mutations
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Substitution Mutation
Substitution Mutation
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Study Notes
- The primary structural difference between DNA and RNA is that DNA is double-stranded and forms a double helix, while RNA is single-stranded and forms a secondary structure that allows it to interact with cellular components during transcription and translation.
- The main goal of transcription is to convert DNA into RNA molecules that can be further translated into proteins, which allows the cell to carry out its functions.
- mRNA transcribes the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA sequence and carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is used for protein synthesis at the ribosome.
- The promoter region in a gene houses specific sequences, including the TATA box, which helps recruit RNA polymerase and initiates the transcription process of the gene.
- During the elongation phase of transcription, RNA polymerase reads the gene's sequence, adding complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA strand, involving the unwinding of DNA and synthesis of pre-mRNA.
- Transcription takes place in the nucleus, where the DNA is located, in order to ensure genetic information is correctly copied into RNA before being transported to the cytoplasm for translation.
- RNA polymerase catalyzes the elongation of the RNA molecule by adding nucleotides complementary to the DNA template, which forms the RNA transcript.
- The terminator region signals RNA polymerase to stop transcribing the gene, which releases the newly formed mRNA.
- The goal of translation is to produce a protein by interpreting the sequence of codons in mRNA and linking amino acids together to form a polypeptide.
- The steps of translation in order are initiation, elongation, and termination.
- The start codon (AUG) on the mRNA which codes for methionine, starts the translation process by signaling the ribosome to start protein synthesis.
- During the elongation phase of translation, the ribosome reads the mRNA codons, and the corresponding tRNA molecules bring amino acids, linking them together to form a growing polypeptide chain.
- During translation, peptide bonds are formed between amino acids.
- A frameshift mutation happens when nucleotides are inserted or deleted, shifting the reading frame and changing the amino acid sequence, often rendering the protein nonfunctional.
- A silent mutation results in no change to the amino acid sequence, even with a mutation in the DNA sequence, thus having no effect on protein function.
- DNA mutations can occur because of incorrect proofreading during the DNA replication process, resulting in altered sequences or errors that affect protein synthesis.
- A missense mutation is a genetic change that substitutes one amino acid for another, which may or may not affect protein function depending on the location of the change.
- A mutagen is any factor, such as chemicals or radiation, that causes changes in the DNA sequence, leading to mutations that can affect the organism’s traits.
- Some mutations can be beneficial, providing the organism with new traits that may enhance survival or reproductive success (e.g., resistance to disease or environmental changes).
- A substitution mutation occurs when one nucleotide is replaced by another, potentially changing the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
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