Traffic Psychology Models
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Traffic Psychology Models

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@CherishedAutoharp97

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Questions and Answers

What is a key critique of skills models in traffic psychology?

  • They do not consider reaction time.
  • They do not focus on driver perception.
  • They only consider visual attributes.
  • They are too simplistic and overlook other important factors. (correct)

    • According to attitude theories, which component represents what an individual believes others think about their behavior?

  • Intention
  • Subjective norm (correct)
  • Attitude
  • Perceived control

    • Which aspect of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) states how much control a person believes they have over their actions?

  • Perceived control (correct)
  • Behavior
  • Intention
  • Attitude

    • What percentage of observed behavior does the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) predict, according to the critiques?

    <p>10-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of traffic psychology, what does the term 'intention' specifically refer to?

    <p>What I say I will do</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there often a weak link between attitudes and behavior in drivers, according to Rothengatter?

    <p>Strong habits lead to behavior adaptation rather than attitude change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT part of the components defined by attitude theories?

    <p>Perceived risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences crashes according to skills models?

    <p>Task demands exceeding driver skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Risk Homeostasis Theory suggest about safety measures?

    <p>Safety measures cause individuals to engage in riskier behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'homo economicus' in utility theories?

    <p>An assumption of maximizing gains and minimizing losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Peltzman’s Driving Intensity theory relate to decision-making in traffic?

    <p>Certain decisions are too complex to make in real time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Risk Allostasis Theory propose?

    <p>External conditions influence how individuals adapt their risk-taking behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does the Risk Homeostasis Theory consider when assessing behavior changes?

    <p>Constant adaptation of individual risk perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Risk Homeostasis Theory, what can result from the introduction of winter tires?

    <p>They can lead to more accidents due to perceived safety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the Risk Homeostasis Theory?

    <p>It does not make full testable predictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that individuals offset safety benefits by adopting riskier behaviors?

    <p>Risk Homeostasis Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the Multiple Comfort Zone Model?

    <p>It considers driver motives and personality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main critique regarding the Risk Monitor Model?

    <p>It requires constant risk monitoring for drivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Multiple Comfort Zone Model emphasize in terms of goal achievement?

    <p>Satisficing rather than optimizing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor does NOT contribute to the establishment of safety margins in driving according to the Multiple Comfort Zone Model?

    <p>Driver's emotional state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do some studies challenge the concepts proposed by the Multiple Comfort Zone Model?

    <p>They suggest integrating its ideas into existing models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical view about machines and driving is discussed?

    <p>Some driving tasks are more suited for machines than humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of 'safety margins' refer to in the context of driving behavior?

    <p>Physical distance maintained from other vehicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the critiques noted in the models, what is a concern regarding learning complexities?

    <p>Establishing all necessary safety margins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the demand of a task exceeds the capacity of the operator?

    <p>Workload increases and performance decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the availability of resources for an operator?

    <p>Task complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between task complexity and processing stages?

    <p>Increased stages of processing lead to greater task complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can mental workload be assessed effectively?

    <p>Through self-reported ratings and performance measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a temporary factor affecting an operator's capacity?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the barrel metaphor illustrate in the context of operator capacity?

    <p>Differences in capacity among individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the interaction of task demands and operator ability?

    <p>Interaction is determined by the combination of task and operator resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes mental workload?

    <p>It can be high due to either task demands or reduced operator capability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for carefully choosing images and words in traditional campaigns?

    <p>To avoid influencing behaviors unintentionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that people tend to mimic behaviors they see in others?

    <p>Modeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the prospect theory explain people's reactions to information?

    <p>People react more to losses than to equivalent gains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does informal education aim to achieve in the context of road safety campaigns?

    <p>To involve those influencing the target audience as well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the observed effect of section control compared to traditional speed cameras?

    <p>It resulted in a larger crash reduction percentage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior was noted near camera locations that did not adversely affect safety?

    <p>Kangaroo driving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized regarding human decision-making in road safety campaigns?

    <p>Most behaviors are influenced automatically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common component is necessary for enhancing the effectiveness of road safety campaigns?

    <p>Careful selection of stimuli and message framing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Traffic Psychology Models

    • Skills Models: Suggest that driver skills like perception and motor coordination are crucial for safe driving.
    • Attitude Theories: Focus on the driver's attitudes, beliefs, and perceived control, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Critiques highlight the intention-behavior gap, as intentions don't always translate to actions.
    • Utility Theories: Propose that drivers aim to maximize gain and minimize loss, making rational decisions based on utility maximization and subjective expected utility.
    • Risk/Motivational Theories:
      • Risk Homeostasis Theory: Suggests drivers maintain a desired level of risk and adjust their behavior to compensate for safety improvements.
      • Risk Allostasis Theory: Emphasizes adaptation of risk-taking behavior to external conditions, aiming for a "best-feeling" balance.
      • Multiple Comfort Zone Model: A hierarchical and motivational model, it considers driver motives, personality, and goals, with safety margins crucial for comfort.

    Automation and Driver Support

    • Mental Workload: The difference between available resources and the demands of tasks.
      • Low Workload: When demand is lower than available resources.
      • High Workload: When demand exceeds resources, leading to performance decline.
    • Resource Availability: Influenced by:
      • Individual Differences: Experience, fatigue, etc.
      • Arousal: The current state of alertness.
      • Motivation: The drive to perform the task.
    • Resource Demands: Influenced by:
      • Task Structure: Complexity of information processing required.
      • Task Mixtures: The number and type of tasks involved.

    Factors Influencing Mental Workload

    • Task Demands: Complexity, processing stages needed.
    • Operator Capacity: Available resources, skills, and current state.
    • Interaction: The combination of task demands and operator capacity.

    High Mental Workload

    • Can be caused by complex tasks or reduced operator capacity.
    • In driving, various factors contribute to high mental workload.

    Road Safety Campaigns

    • Priming: Using specific images or words to activate desired behaviors or attitudes.
    • Modeling and Social Influence: Highlighting desired behaviors through examples.
    • Message Framing: Using prospect theory to present information as potential losses or gains.
    • Informal Education: Considering the broader impact on different audiences.

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    Related Documents

    Traffic Psychology Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore various traffic psychology models that explain driver behavior and decision-making. This quiz covers skills models, attitude theories, utility theories, and risk/motivational theories, highlighting their implications for road safety. Test your knowledge on how these models contribute to understanding driving psychology.

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