Toxicology and Dosage Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the permissible noise exposure time for a worker exposed to 100 dBA?

30 minutes

2 hours

4 hours

1 hour (correct)

Using the inverse square law, if 100 dBA is measured at 10 feet, what is the sound level at 50 feet?

90 dBA

86 dBA (correct)

95 dBA

80 dBA

Which type of radiation can be completely stopped by a sheet of paper?

Alpha rays (correct)

Beta particles

X rays

Gamma rays

What is the significance of STS in hearing conservation programs?

It is a recordable injury. Signup and view all the answers

Which radiation is the most dangerous when inhaled?

Alpha rays Signup and view all the answers

Which equipment is commonly used to measure radiation levels?

Geiger counter Signup and view all the answers

Which type of radiation requires denser materials like lead for shielding?

Gamma rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum permissible noise exposure for an 8-hour workday?

85 dBA Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the ear is primarily responsible for converting sound vibrations into nerve signals?

Inner ear Signup and view all the answers

What does a dose of more than 50% refer to in OSHA's hearing conservation program?

Cumulative noise exposure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)?

To remove contaminated air from the source of generation Signup and view all the answers

Which biosafety level is classified as having the highest potential hazard?

Level 4 Signup and view all the answers

How is the noise addition made when two noise levels differ by 2 dB?

Add 2 dBA to the higher value Signup and view all the answers

What major factor contributes to presbycusis?

Age-related degeneration of hearing Signup and view all the answers

What is the total sound level for the noise levels 80 dBA, 85 dBA, and 90 dBA calculated using the noise addition equation?

91.5 dBA Signup and view all the answers

Which class of biosafety cabinets provides the maximum protection?

Class 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended noise limit set by OSHA for an 8-hour workday?

90 dBA Signup and view all the answers

In which situation are Local Exhaust Ventilations (LEV) particularly recommended?

Where contaminants are generated in huge quantities Signup and view all the answers

What percentage indicates overexposure based on noise dosage calculations?

100% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ventilation involves mixing fresh air with contaminated air?

Dilution Ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What denotes acute toxicity?

Effects experienced immediately after exposure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a route of entry for toxic substances?

Ingestion Signup and view all the answers

What is the Lethal Dose (LD50)?

The amount that kills 50% of test animals Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of a neurotoxin?

Causes damage to the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent is lead classified as?

Neurotoxin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a teratogen?

A chemical that causes birth defects without passing to future generations Signup and view all the answers

Which infection is primarily transmitted through unpasteurized milk?

Brucellosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for Q fever?

Cattle Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a biological hazard?

Can include infection and disease transmission Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about chronic toxicity?

Is the result of repeated exposure over time Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Toxicology

Toxic substances negatively affect normal human physiological function. Examples include lead, mercury, alcohol, and hexavalent chromium.
Acute toxicity is a relatively short-term effect.
Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over a long period.
Routes of entry include ingestion (eating or drinking), inhalation (breathing), skin absorption, and injection (puncture or cuts).

Dosage

Dosage is the amount of a chemical administered per unit of body weight.
Lethal Dose (LD50) is the dosage of a toxic chemical that kills 50% of test animals (mg/kg).
Routes of entry for LD50 include ingestion, skin absorption, and injection.
Lethal Concentration (LC50) is the concentration of a toxic chemical in air that kills 50% of test animals (PPM or mg/m³). The route of entry is inhalation.

Target Organ Chemicals

Hepatotoxins affect the liver. An example is carbon tetrachloride.
Neurotoxins affect the nervous system. An example is lead.

Reproductive Toxins

Mutagens cause permanent DNA changes. Example includes radioactive materials and benzene.
Teratogens cause damage to a developing fetus, which cannot be passed to future generations. Examples are nicotine and alcohol.
Ototoxins affect hearing and balance. Examples are styrene and certain drugs (antibiotics).

Biological Hazards

Biological hazards include viral and bacterial infections.
Symptoms, transmission methods, and the target organs of various infections are also included.

Common Terms

Brucellosis: A bacterial infection with symptoms like fever and joint pain and is transmitted through cattle.
Leptospirosis: A zoonotic bacterial disease (transmitted through animals) characterized by fever and joint pain. It is caused by bacteria Leptospira. Transmission can be through infected animal urine.
Tuberculosis: A bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs.
Hepatitis A and B: Viral infections; hepatitis A & B have various aspects and descriptions as well.
Q fever: A bacterial infection transmitted from animals. Primary reservoirs are cattle, sheep, and goats.
Siderosis: Inhalation of metal fumes (magnesium and zinc during welding), which can cause lung issues.
Byssinosis: Lung problems caused by inhaling cotton dust.
Presbycusis: Age-related hearing loss.
NIHL: Noise-induced hearing loss.

Biosafety Levels

Biosafety levels (BSL) are categorized into levels 1 to 4, indicating the potential hazards' severity.
BSL 1 involves minimal hazards.
BSL 4 includes the highest possible hazards.
Biosafety cabinets are classified into three classes, varying in protection levels.
COVID-19 is a BSL 4, class 3 level hazard.

Ventilation

Two main types of ventilation exist, including dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation (LEV).
Dilution vent mixes contaminants with fresh air to reduce concentration to below the Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL).
LEV removes contaminants at their source.
Hood design is a key component of LEV systems.

Noise

Any unwanted sound is categorized as noise.
Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB).
OSHA sets guidelines for noise exposure limits.
The noise addition rule helps determine combined noise levels.

Noise Dosage Calculation

The formula to determine the noise dosage involves adding the individual noise exposure times to the total allowed exposure time for a given dB level.
The permissible noise exposure time is based on decibel levels.
Exceeding the time limit for a given decibel leads to over-exposure.

Radiation

Ionizing radiation produces ionization in matter; nonionizing radiation does not.
Types of ionizing radiation include alpha (least penetrative), beta (more penetrative), gamma (highly penetrative), and X rays (less penetrative than gamma).
Alpha particles are highly dangerous if inhaled or swallowed.
Gamma rays are the most penetrative.
Non-ionizing radiation includes UV, infrared, and radio frequencies.

Control Measures

Control measures to reduce radiation exposure include duration, distance, and shielding.
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates radioactive material exposure.

Units of Measurement

Radioactivity is measured in becquerels (Bq) or curies (Ci).
Exposure is measured in roentgens (R).
Dose is measured in sieverts (Sv).

Radiation Distance Equation

The inverse square law describes how radiation intensity changes with distance.
The formula shows that intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.

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Description

Test your knowledge on toxic substances and their effects on the human body. This quiz covers acute and chronic toxicity, dosage concepts, and target organ chemicals. Prepare to dive into the specifics of toxicology!