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Questions and Answers
What is Siderosis primarily caused by?
What is Siderosis primarily caused by?
Which biosafety level involves the highest potential hazards?
Which biosafety level involves the highest potential hazards?
What is the primary function of a Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) system?
What is the primary function of a Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) system?
What is the standard permissible noise level according to OSHA for 8 hours?
What is the standard permissible noise level according to OSHA for 8 hours?
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What is the first step in adding noise levels together?
What is the first step in adding noise levels together?
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Which class of biosafety cabinets offers maximum protection?
Which class of biosafety cabinets offers maximum protection?
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What is the primary consideration for LEV's recommendation?
What is the primary consideration for LEV's recommendation?
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What is defined as any unwanted sound?
What is defined as any unwanted sound?
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How is noise dosage for a worker calculated?
How is noise dosage for a worker calculated?
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What is the effective noise level of 80 dBA combined with 85 dBA after applying the noise thump rule?
What is the effective noise level of 80 dBA combined with 85 dBA after applying the noise thump rule?
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What is the permissible exposure time for a worker exposed to 100 dBA?
What is the permissible exposure time for a worker exposed to 100 dBA?
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Which type of radiation is least penetrative?
Which type of radiation is least penetrative?
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What is the allowable exposure time at an 8 hr shift for noise levels at 93 dBA?
What is the allowable exposure time at an 8 hr shift for noise levels at 93 dBA?
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What is the highest sound level at which OSHA requires a hearing conservation program?
What is the highest sound level at which OSHA requires a hearing conservation program?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding beta particles?
Which of the following statements is true regarding beta particles?
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Which equation is used to calculate the unknown sound level at a second location?
Which equation is used to calculate the unknown sound level at a second location?
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What type of radiation can damage DNA?
What type of radiation can damage DNA?
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Which equipment is commonly used to measure radiation?
Which equipment is commonly used to measure radiation?
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What does STS stand for in hearing conservation programs?
What does STS stand for in hearing conservation programs?
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What is the threshold for a dose that necessitates the reporting of STS?
What is the threshold for a dose that necessitates the reporting of STS?
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What is the primary route of entry for toxic substances that involves the respiratory system?
What is the primary route of entry for toxic substances that involves the respiratory system?
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Which of the following substances is classified as a hepatotoxin?
Which of the following substances is classified as a hepatotoxin?
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What does the term 'Lethal Dose (LD 50)' refer to?
What does the term 'Lethal Dose (LD 50)' refer to?
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Which of the following represents a route of entry that involves skin puncture?
Which of the following represents a route of entry that involves skin puncture?
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Which type of toxin is known to cause permanent changes to DNA?
Which type of toxin is known to cause permanent changes to DNA?
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Brucellosis is primarily transmitted through which of the following?
Brucellosis is primarily transmitted through which of the following?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic toxicity?
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic toxicity?
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What do neurotoxins specifically affect?
What do neurotoxins specifically affect?
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What is the primary reservoir of Q fever?
What is the primary reservoir of Q fever?
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Which chemical is classified as an ototoxin?
Which chemical is classified as an ototoxin?
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Study Notes
Toxicology
- Toxic substances negatively affect normal human physiological functions. Examples include lead, mercury, alcohol, and hexavalent chromium.
- Acute toxicity involves a relatively short time frame.
- Chronic toxicity results from repeated exposure over a long period.
- Routes of entry include ingestion (eating/drinking), inhalation (breathing), skin absorption, and injection (through cuts/punctures).
Dosage
- Dosage is the amount of a chemical administered per unit of body weight.
- Lethal Dose (LD50) is the dosage of a toxic chemical that causes death in 50% of test animals. The unit is mg/kg.
- Lethal Concentration (LC50) is the concentration of a toxic chemical in air that kills 50% of test animals. The unit is ppm or mg/m³. Route of entry is inhalation.
Target Organ Chemicals
- Hepatotoxins affect the liver. Carbon tetrachloride is an example.
- Neurotoxins affect the nervous system. Lead is an example.
Reproductive Toxins
- Mutagens cause permanent changes to DNA. Radioactive materials and benzene are examples.
- Teratogens harm a developing fetus, and effects cannot be passed to future generations. Examples include nicotine and alcohol.
- Ototoxins affect hearing and balance. Styrene and antibiotics are examples.
Biological Hazards
- Biological hazards include infections (viral or bacterial).
- Symptoms, transmission methods (e.g., animal contact), and affected organs (e.g., CNS, lungs) are factors.
- Common biological hazards include Brucellosis, Leptospirosis, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis A/B, Q fever.
Biosafety Levels
- Biosafety levels are categorized for potential hazards.
- Levels range from minimal to high. COVID-19 is at Level 4, Class 3.
Ventilation
- Ventilation types include dilution and local exhaust.
- Dilution ventilation mixes contaminated air with fresh air, while local exhaust removes contaminated air directly from the source.
- Hood design is a critical component of Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV).
Noise
- Noise is any unwanted sound.
- Noise levels are measured in decibels (dB).
- OSHA guidelines exist regarding noise exposure for 8 hours in specific decibel levels.
- Noise addition rules allow combining noise levels with a specified formula or rules.
Radiation and Dosage Calculation
- Radiation is energy from a source that travels through space.
- Ionizing radiation affects matter, while non-ionizing radiation does not. (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)
- Radiation exposure is measured in units such as curies, becquerels, roentgens and Sieverts.
- Radiation exposure is calculated using inverse square law, or formulas for dosage, considering time exposure in specific decibel levels.
- Exposure standards exist for worker safety.
- The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulates radioactive material exposure.
Control Measures
- Duration, Distance, and Shielding are used to minimize exposure to radiation risks.
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Description
Test your knowledge on toxic substances and their effects on human health. This quiz covers acute and chronic toxicity, dosage calculations, and target organ chemicals. Gain a deeper understanding of how toxic agents interact with the body and their potential hazards.
