Toxicology: Absorption of Chemicals

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What is the primary focus of basic research/mechanistic toxicologists?

Studying the distribution of chemicals in the body

Analyzing dose–response test data

Determining the relative safety of human exposure levels

Understanding how chemicals initiate biochemical changes leading to toxicity (correct)

In toxicology, what is the purpose of identifying important metabolites of a chemical?

To analyze how the body breaks down and eliminates the chemical (correct)

To understand how chemicals are absorbed into the body

To determine the appropriate dose–response test data

To assess the relative safety of human exposure

What is the goal of mechanistic studies in toxicology?

To analyze dose–response test data

To determine the relative safety of human exposure levels

To study the distribution of chemicals in the body

To understand specific biological reactions leading to toxicity (correct)

At what levels can mechanistic studies in toxicology be performed?

Molecular, biochemical, cellular, or tissue levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mechanistic toxicologists in understanding toxicity?

Identifying critical biological processes that lead to toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is observed between chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents on the central nervous system when they are present together?

Antagonistic Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of chemicals can produce liver toxicity with an additive interaction?

Chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents Signup and view all the answers

What effect does simultaneous exposure to chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents have on the central nervous system?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the time scale for chronic effects of exposure to toxic substances?

Subacute Signup and view all the answers

What are the short-term consequences of exposure to toxic substances called?

Acute effects Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is observed between chlorinated insecticides and halogenated solvents on the liver when they are used together?

Additive Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is inhibited by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, leading to the accumulation of acetylcholine at neuromuscular transmission sites?

Acetylcholine esterase Signup and view all the answers

What specific lung damage can occur due to paraquat poisoning?

Pulmonary fibrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which toxic gas can cause damage to the cardiovascular system by inducing arrhythmias?

Hydrogen cyanide Signup and view all the answers

What specific effect can exposure to organophosphate insecticides have on synaptic transmission?

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sensitizer that can provoke an immune response resulting in asthma and allergic dermatitis?

Vinyl chloride Signup and view all the answers

'Vinyl chloride causes hepatic hemangiosarcoma' indicates that vinyl chloride is a:

Genotoxic carcinogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism through which carbon monoxide affects the body?

It reacts with hemoglobin to form COHb, which cannot carry oxygen Signup and view all the answers

How does hydrogen sulfide's odor change with concentration?

It remains odorless regardless of concentration Signup and view all the answers

What is the common effect of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide on the human body?

Interfering with oxygen transport Signup and view all the answers

How do 'heavy' metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury affect the human body?

By poisoning cytochromes and specific organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why hydrogen cyanide is used in industries?

To form odorless compounds for industrial purposes Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogen sulfide and carbon monoxide differ in terms of their initial detection?

Hydrogen sulfide is odorless while carbon monoxide has a faint smell Signup and view all the answers