L2. Kinetics & dynamics

<p>Liver toxicity and birth defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher potency of the toxic agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intravenous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flow to tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typically close to 0.6 L/kg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High distribution volumes leading to low plasma concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the concentration of a drug before it enters systemic circulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The modification of chemicals by enzymes in an organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatic excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low volume of distribution (Vd) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Absorption through the gastrointestinal tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DDT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make chemical agents more water-soluble and easier to excrete (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exhalation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases lipid solubility to promote excretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the activated compounds responsible for damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose at which a drug produces a desired effect in 50% of subjects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No Observed Adverse Effect Level (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in the observed effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It involves the extraction and transformation of compounds by the liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A higher TI indicates greater relative safety of a drug. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MS provides a more precise safety measurement than the therapeutic index. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose that leads to 50% therapeutic effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pH of the drug and target site. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose that results in 50% mortality in a given population. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moderate consumption has both beneficial and adverse effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assesses the comparative toxicity of substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic metabolites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TD1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low doses may provide benefits while high doses are harmful. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conversion of inactive compounds into active metabolites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of the chemical agent to enter the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A faster elimination rate means toxic concentrations can never be achieved. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical A, with a slow elimination rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between dose and concentration at the target site (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar blood levels generally yield similar effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioactivation into non-toxic forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The chemical's ability to be absorbed through membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The metabolic pathways involved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Similar administered doses of a toxicant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The toxic concentration will not be reached, regardless of the number of doses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To make chemical agents more water-soluble and easier to excrete, thus reducing toxicity.

The process where a substance is changed chemically in the body, potentially creating a more toxic form.

Different ways toxins are eliminated from the body, including urine, exhalation, bile/feces.

The relationship between the dose of a substance and the effect it produces in an organism.

The dose of a drug required to produce a specific effect in 50% of the population.

The dose of a substance that kills 50% of a tested population.

Describes how the effect of a drug or substance changes continuously as the dose is increased.

How a substance affects the biological system

Direct administration of a chemical into a vein, resulting in 100% bioavailability.

Absorption of a chemical through the lungs, reaching the bloodstream via the alveolar sacs.

Absorption of a chemical through the gastrointestinal tract, potentially experiencing the first-pass effect.

Absorption of a chemical through the abdominal cavity, similarly to ingestion but bypassing the GI tract, and experiencing the first-pass effect.

Absorption of a chemical through the skin.

Movement of a chemical throughout the body via the bloodstream, impacting various organs including action sites, storage depots, etc.

Apparent volume in which a xenobiotic is diluted; expressed in volume units (e.g., L).

Chemicals with a preference for water, resulting in a smaller volume of distribution.

Chemicals with a preference for fat, resulting in a larger volume of distribution and low plasma concentration.

Modification of administered chemicals by the organism, mostly through enzymes.

The study of how a chemical substance moves through the body. It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).

Toxicokinetics determines how much of a chemical reaches its target site and for how long, influencing its effects on the body.

The process by which a chemical enters the bloodstream from the site of exposure.

How a chemical travels throughout the body, reaching different organs and tissues.

The process of chemically altering a substance within the body, often making it easier to excrete.

The removal of a chemical from the body through different routes, like urine, feces, or breath.

Toxicokinetics explains the relationship between the dose of a chemical and its concentration at the target site, considering factors like dosing frequency and elimination rate.

The time it takes for the concentration of a substance in the body to decrease by half.

How often a chemical is administered.

The speed at which a chemical is removed from the body.

A phenomenon where low doses of a substance can have beneficial effects, while higher doses cause harmful effects.

Moderate alcohol consumption can reduce risk of heart disease and stroke, but high doses increase risk of cancer and liver problems.

The ratio of the toxic dose (TD50) to the effective dose (ED50) of a drug, indicating its relative safety.

The larger the Therapeutic Index (TI), the greater the relative safety of a drug.

A more accurate estimate of safety than the TI, considering the slope of the dose-response curve.

The Margin of Safety (MS) is calculated as the ratio of the TD1 (toxic dose in 1%) to the ED99 (effective dose in 99%).

Some chemicals can cause harm at very low doses, even if they don't cause immediate death. This can include effects like cancer or birth defects.

A dose-response curve that shows a negative effect at both low and high doses, with a 'safe' zone in the middle.

Toxicity can occur when the body doesn't have enough of a nutrient (low dose) or when there is too much (high dose), disrupting the body's balance.

The lower the LD50, the more potent the toxic agent is. A lower LD50 means it takes less of the substance to be deadly.