Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics: Understanding Toxic Effects

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What is the process by which xenobiotics are taken up, transported, and transformed within the body?

Metabolism

Toxicokinetics (correct)

Detoxification

Toxicodynamics

What is the effect of genotoxicity on protein synthesis after adduct formation?

Altered protein synthesis (correct)

Enhanced protein synthesis

Inhibited protein synthesis

No effect on protein synthesis

What type of compounds are classified by electron affinity?

Bioactive compounds

Pharmaceuticals

Inorganic chemicals

Reactive organic chemicals (correct)

What is the result of xenobiotics binding to DNA?

Mutations Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the damage caused by the reaction of xenobiotics with oxygen in the cell?

Free radical formation Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of electrophilic compounds?

Electron-deficient functional groups Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutathione in electrophile neutralization?

To neutralize electrophiles Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the removal of fat from the skin, leading to dermatitis?

Defatting Signup and view all the answers

What type of adducts can form between electrophiles and nucleophiles?

Covalent bonds Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli, leading to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema?

Chemical pneumonitis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chromates in chrome plating?

To protect metals from corrosion Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of direct-acting electrophilic agents?

Do not require metabolic bioactivation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the severe local effects caused by contact with a corrosive substance?

Corrosive effect Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of electrophiles in protein molecules?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of occupational exposure to high concentrations of benzene?

Increased likelihood of developing leukaemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the binding of xenobiotics to proteins?

Protein denaturation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reaction of xenobiotics with oxygen in the cell, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species?

Free radical formation Signup and view all the answers

What type of groups do DNA bases contain?

Electron-rich heterocyclic structures Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of depletion of glutathione in cells?

Decreased detoxication reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body eliminates xenobiotics?

Excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of fat-soluble solvents on the human body?

Anaesthetic effects causing drowsiness and unconsciousness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT an example of a sensitizer?

Sodium hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of asphyxiation caused by carbon monoxide?

It reacts with hemoglobin to form COHb, which cannot carry oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes asphyxiation by methemoglobin formation?

Nitrate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hydrogen cyanide on the human body?

Asphyxiation by interfering with oxygen transport Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a carcinogen?

Sodium hydroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of diisocyanates on the human body?

Sensitization resulting in asthma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes mutagenic effects?

Ethidium bromide Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of benzene on the human body?

Carinogenic effects, causing cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes narcotic and anesthetic effects?

Ether Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of alkylating agents in causing toxicity?

Alkylation of DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a direct-acting electrophilic agent?

Cisplatin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of P-450 enzymes in the toxicity of indirect-acting electrophilic agents?

Bioactivation of procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a target organ for toxicity of lead?

Central Nervous System Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the degree of toxicity of a chemical?

The dose of the chemical Signup and view all the answers

How can biotransformation of a chemical affect its toxicity?

It can either increase or decrease toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a toxicant reacts with two different positions in the DNA?

DNA cross-linking Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a systemic toxic agent?

Potassium cyanide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a toxicant to alkylate DNA?

Electrophilicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way in which the sensitivity of the receptor at the target organ can affect toxicity?

Changes in the sensitivity of the receptor Signup and view all the answers