Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics: Understanding Toxic Effects

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Questions and Answers

What is the process by which xenobiotics are taken up, transported, and transformed within the body?

  • Metabolism
  • Toxicokinetics (correct)
  • Detoxification
  • Toxicodynamics

What is the effect of genotoxicity on protein synthesis after adduct formation?

  • Altered protein synthesis (correct)
  • Enhanced protein synthesis
  • Inhibited protein synthesis
  • No effect on protein synthesis

What type of compounds are classified by electron affinity?

  • Bioactive compounds
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Inorganic chemicals
  • Reactive organic chemicals (correct)

What is the result of xenobiotics binding to DNA?

<p>Mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the damage caused by the reaction of xenobiotics with oxygen in the cell?

<p>Free radical formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of electrophilic compounds?

<p>Electron-deficient functional groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutathione in electrophile neutralization?

<p>To neutralize electrophiles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the removal of fat from the skin, leading to dermatitis?

<p>Defatting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adducts can form between electrophiles and nucleophiles?

<p>Covalent bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the inflammation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli, leading to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema?

<p>Chemical pneumonitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chromates in chrome plating?

<p>To protect metals from corrosion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of direct-acting electrophilic agents?

<p>Do not require metabolic bioactivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the severe local effects caused by contact with a corrosive substance?

<p>Corrosive effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the target of electrophiles in protein molecules?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of occupational exposure to high concentrations of benzene?

<p>Increased likelihood of developing leukaemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the binding of xenobiotics to proteins?

<p>Protein denaturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the reaction of xenobiotics with oxygen in the cell, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species?

<p>Free radical formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of groups do DNA bases contain?

<p>Electron-rich heterocyclic structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of depletion of glutathione in cells?

<p>Decreased detoxication reactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which the body eliminates xenobiotics?

<p>Excretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of fat-soluble solvents on the human body?

<p>Anaesthetic effects causing drowsiness and unconsciousness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT an example of a sensitizer?

<p>Sodium hydroxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of asphyxiation caused by carbon monoxide?

<p>It reacts with hemoglobin to form COHb, which cannot carry oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes asphyxiation by methemoglobin formation?

<p>Nitrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hydrogen cyanide on the human body?

<p>Asphyxiation by interfering with oxygen transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a carcinogen?

<p>Sodium hydroxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of diisocyanates on the human body?

<p>Sensitization resulting in asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes mutagenic effects?

<p>Ethidium bromide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of benzene on the human body?

<p>Carinogenic effects, causing cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes narcotic and anesthetic effects?

<p>Ether (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of alkylating agents in causing toxicity?

<p>Alkylation of DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a direct-acting electrophilic agent?

<p>Cisplatin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of P-450 enzymes in the toxicity of indirect-acting electrophilic agents?

<p>Bioactivation of procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a target organ for toxicity of lead?

<p>Central Nervous System (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that determines the degree of toxicity of a chemical?

<p>The dose of the chemical (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can biotransformation of a chemical affect its toxicity?

<p>It can either increase or decrease toxicity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which a toxicant reacts with two different positions in the DNA?

<p>DNA cross-linking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a systemic toxic agent?

<p>Potassium cyanide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of a toxicant to alkylate DNA?

<p>Electrophilicity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary way in which the sensitivity of the receptor at the target organ can affect toxicity?

<p>Changes in the sensitivity of the receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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