40 Questions
What is the process by which xenobiotics are taken up, transported, and transformed within the body?
Toxicokinetics
What is the effect of genotoxicity on protein synthesis after adduct formation?
Altered protein synthesis
What type of compounds are classified by electron affinity?
Reactive organic chemicals
What is the result of xenobiotics binding to DNA?
Mutations
What is the term for the damage caused by the reaction of xenobiotics with oxygen in the cell?
Free radical formation
What is the characteristic of electrophilic compounds?
Electron-deficient functional groups
What is the role of glutathione in electrophile neutralization?
To neutralize electrophiles
What is the term for the removal of fat from the skin, leading to dermatitis?
Defatting
What type of adducts can form between electrophiles and nucleophiles?
Covalent bonds
What is the term for the inflammation of terminal bronchioles and alveoli, leading to chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary oedema?
Chemical pneumonitis
What is the purpose of chromates in chrome plating?
To protect metals from corrosion
What is the characteristic of direct-acting electrophilic agents?
Do not require metabolic bioactivation
What is the term for the severe local effects caused by contact with a corrosive substance?
Corrosive effect
What is the target of electrophiles in protein molecules?
All of the above
What is the result of occupational exposure to high concentrations of benzene?
Increased likelihood of developing leukaemia
What is the result of the binding of xenobiotics to proteins?
Protein denaturation
What is the term for the reaction of xenobiotics with oxygen in the cell, leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species?
Free radical formation
What type of groups do DNA bases contain?
Electron-rich heterocyclic structures
What is the result of depletion of glutathione in cells?
Decreased detoxication reactions
What is the term for the process by which the body eliminates xenobiotics?
Excretion
What is the primary effect of fat-soluble solvents on the human body?
Anaesthetic effects causing drowsiness and unconsciousness
Which of the following substances is NOT an example of a sensitizer?
Sodium hydroxide
What is the mechanism of asphyxiation caused by carbon monoxide?
It reacts with hemoglobin to form COHb, which cannot carry oxygen
Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes asphyxiation by methemoglobin formation?
Nitrate
What is the primary effect of hydrogen cyanide on the human body?
Asphyxiation by interfering with oxygen transport
Which of the following is NOT an example of a carcinogen?
Sodium hydroxide
What is the primary effect of diisocyanates on the human body?
Sensitization resulting in asthma
Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes mutagenic effects?
Ethidium bromide
What is the primary effect of benzene on the human body?
Carinogenic effects, causing cancer
Which of the following is an example of a substance that causes narcotic and anesthetic effects?
Ether
What is the primary mechanism of action of alkylating agents in causing toxicity?
Alkylation of DNA
Which of the following is an example of a direct-acting electrophilic agent?
Cisplatin
What is the role of P-450 enzymes in the toxicity of indirect-acting electrophilic agents?
Bioactivation of procarcinogens to ultimate carcinogens
Which of the following is an example of a target organ for toxicity of lead?
Central Nervous System
What is the primary factor that determines the degree of toxicity of a chemical?
The dose of the chemical
How can biotransformation of a chemical affect its toxicity?
It can either increase or decrease toxicity
What is the term for the process by which a toxicant reacts with two different positions in the DNA?
DNA cross-linking
Which of the following is an example of a systemic toxic agent?
Potassium cyanide
What is the term for the ability of a toxicant to alkylate DNA?
Electrophilicity
What is the primary way in which the sensitivity of the receptor at the target organ can affect toxicity?
Changes in the sensitivity of the receptor
Test your knowledge of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics, including the uptake, transport, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics, and how they cause toxic effects by disrupting normal cell functions. Learn about the binding interactions and induction of toxic effects, and how xenobiotics damage proteins, lipids, and DNA.
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