Toxicity Difference Between Infants and Adults

What is the main advantage of using peritoneal dialysis in acute poisoning?

It has the highest efficacy in removing toxins from the body.
It requires the most specialized medical equipment and personnel.
It has the lowest risk of complications compared to other dialysis methods. (correct)
It is the most expensive dialysis method available.

What is the main purpose of adding dextrose to the dialysis solution in peritoneal dialysis?

To increase the binding of highly protein-bound drugs to the dialysis solution.
To increase the osmotic pressure and enhance the recovery of water-soluble chemicals. (correct)
To provide a source of energy for the patient during the dialysis procedure.
To increase the pH of the dialysis solution and enhance the recovery of acidic drugs.

What is the typical duration of the peritoneal dialysis procedure?

60-90 minutes
15-20 minutes
45-60 minutes (correct)
30-45 minutes

What is the main mechanism by which toxins are removed during peritoneal dialysis?

Diffusion of toxins from the blood into the dialysis solution. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding albumin to the dialysis solution in peritoneal dialysis?

To increase the recovery of highly protein-bound drugs. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical recovery rate with supportive treatment alone in acute poisoning cases?

98% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the priority for carrying out toxicity tests?

Based on the exposure of humans to the chemical (C) Signup and view all the answers

For industrial chemicals, which toxicity tests should be carried out?

Acute toxicity tests by inhalation and oral route, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproduction toxicity tests (B) Signup and view all the answers

For biocides (natural or synthetic), which toxicity tests should be performed?

Acute, subacute, subchronic, chronic, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproduction toxicity tests (D) Signup and view all the answers

For food additives, which toxicity tests should be performed?

All types of toxicity tests (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential toxic effects on the reproductive system?

Decreased libido, impotence, infertility, interrupted pregnancy, infant death, altered sex ratio, and multiple births (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods are used for testing the toxicity of cosmetics?

Testing on isolated eyes obtained from slaughterhouses and chorio-allantoin membranes from eggs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What was the cause of the gray-baby syndrome?

Infants were unable to metabolize chloramphenicol due to underdeveloped hepatic enzymes. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How may the elderly be more susceptible to drug toxicity?

Age-related changes in drug distribution and excretion mechanisms can increase drug toxicity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of food in the stomach affect drug absorption?

Higher blood levels of drugs are achieved when taken on an empty stomach. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the gray-baby syndrome is correct?

It was a result of infants' inability to metabolize chloramphenicol properly. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor can influence the absorption characteristics of chemicals?

All of the above. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about chloramphenicol metabolism is correct?

In adults, chloramphenicol is largely excreted as the glucuronide metabolite. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using alkaline solution in acute phenobarbital ingestion?

To enhance the elimination of phenobarbital from the body (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is peanut oil used in the treatment of acute ingestion?

To attract and bind highly lipid-soluble compounds (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using furosemide in acute ingestion treatment?

To induce diuresis (increased urine production) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic makes a compound suitable for removal by hemodialysis?

Small volume of distribution (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum molecular weight for a compound to be effectively removed by hemodialysis?

500 daltons (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential complication of peritoneal dialysis?

Hyperkalemia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal when treating inhalation exposures to poisons?

Quickly remove the patient from the hazardous environment (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT recommended when treating dermal exposures to poisons?

Use forceful flushing in a shower to remove the toxic substance (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated proportion of industrial substances that represent a hazard for skin absorption?

1 in 4 (A) Signup and view all the answers

When treating inhalation exposures to poisons, what is the purpose of administering $100" humidified oxygen and assisted ventilation?

To stabilize the patient's vital signs and protect the vital organs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is recommended when treating dermal exposures to poisons?

Gently rinse and wash the skin with copious amounts of water for at least 30 minutes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing blood tests for the suspected toxin when treating inhalation exposures to poisons?

To confirm the identity of the poison and guide the treatment (B) Signup and view all the answers