Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to Benevolo, what role does town planning typically play in addressing urban issues?
According to Benevolo, what role does town planning typically play in addressing urban issues?
- It serves mainly as a tool for maintaining the status quo of established regimes.
- It primarily focuses on aesthetic improvements rather than functional solutions.
- It proactively anticipates and prevents urban problems before they arise.
- It is applied as a remedy after a situation has already become problematic. (correct)
What two main factors influenced the urgency and feasibility of town planning in nineteenth-century France and England?
What two main factors influenced the urgency and feasibility of town planning in nineteenth-century France and England?
- Economic and social upheavals, and changes in political theory and public opinion. (correct)
- Technological advancements and artistic movements.
- Military conflicts and shifts in religious beliefs.
- Increased international trade and decreased agricultural production.
What was the general trend of Socialist thought regarding specialized research in town planning after 1848?
What was the general trend of Socialist thought regarding specialized research in town planning after 1848?
- It increasingly emphasized the importance of specialist research for effective planning.
- It advocated for the complete separation of town planning from political influences.
- It started to devalue specialist research, leading to town planning becoming more of a technical function for established powers. (correct)
- It maintained consistent support for integrating specialist research into town planning.
What conclusion does the author draw about the future of town planning relative to societal transformation?
What conclusion does the author draw about the future of town planning relative to societal transformation?
What issue did town planning in industrial society address directly?
What issue did town planning in industrial society address directly?
What was the primary goal of modern town-planning as described in the text?
What was the primary goal of modern town-planning as described in the text?
How did the Industrial Revolution initially impact the recognition of urban problems?
How did the Industrial Revolution initially impact the recognition of urban problems?
What was the first major demographic change brought about by changes in population?
What was the first major demographic change brought about by changes in population?
How did population changes affect the balance of nature?
How did population changes affect the balance of nature?
The changing patterns of settlement shattered the old balance between town and country and creating what?
The changing patterns of settlement shattered the old balance between town and country and creating what?
What impact did the disappearance of the 'open field' system have on rural populations?
What impact did the disappearance of the 'open field' system have on rural populations?
What was a common alternative for rural populations displaced by changes in land use?
What was a common alternative for rural populations displaced by changes in land use?
How did John Wood initially contribute to Bath's architecture?
How did John Wood initially contribute to Bath's architecture?
What issue did new methodology need to be evolved to deal with?
What issue did new methodology need to be evolved to deal with?
How did John Nash contribute to London's urban development?
How did John Nash contribute to London's urban development?
What was the purpose of designing Regent's Park as an ideal enclave?
What was the purpose of designing Regent's Park as an ideal enclave?
What was a significant characteristic of the dwelling in Glasgow that was referred to in the text?
What was a significant characteristic of the dwelling in Glasgow that was referred to in the text?
What factor does not contribute to the logic of Cairo?
What factor does not contribute to the logic of Cairo?
How is Cairo often portrayed in literature?
How is Cairo often portrayed in literature?
What geographical feature is essential for agriculture in Egypt, allowing for intensive cultivation?
What geographical feature is essential for agriculture in Egypt, allowing for intensive cultivation?
Where has Cairo expanded mostly to?
Where has Cairo expanded mostly to?
What was the population of Cairo around 1950?
What was the population of Cairo around 1950?
Which of the following best describes town extensions in the early stages of Cairo's modern expansion?
Which of the following best describes town extensions in the early stages of Cairo's modern expansion?
What has helped Cairo's economy?
What has helped Cairo's economy?
Flashcards
Town planning as a remedy
Town planning as a remedy
Town planning historically served as a response after problems arose, aiming to rectify situations that were already challenging.
Origins of town planning
Origins of town planning
The history of modern town planning began with awareness of real problems after industrial revolution changes.
Population increase driver
Population increase driver
Population increased due to a decline in the death rate, falling below the birth rate for the first time.
Economic changes impact
Economic changes impact
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Changing settlement patterns
Changing settlement patterns
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Disappearance of 'open field'
Disappearance of 'open field'
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Alternative to tenant farming
Alternative to tenant farming
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Effects of early building regulations
Effects of early building regulations
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Importance of the Nile Valley
Importance of the Nile Valley
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Cairo 1950s
Cairo 1950s
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Study Notes
- Town planning is often implemented as a restorative measure, addressing issues that have escalated.
- Leonardo Benevolo examines the ideological and technical origins in nineteenth-century France and England.
- Economic/social changes, shifts in political thought, and overall public sentiment are primary drivers to planning efforts.
- The work of 'Utopian' reformers like Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier, Cabet, and Godin alongside specialists and officials who implemented new regulations and legislation is considered.
- Socialist inspiration guided most activity until 1848, however, later Socialist thought diminished specialist research, leading town planning to become a technical aspect for established regimes.
- To fulfil its goals, town planning must reconnect with political forces aiming for societal transformation.
- Modern planning emerged after the industrial town's changes caused conflict, necessitating corrective intervention.
- Modern town-planning is remedial and lags behind events.
- This literature emphasizes the technical and ideological origins of experiments and reconstructs factors inspiring early 19th-century reformers.
- The economic/social changes caused inequalities not accepted as inevitable plus political and public opinion changes.
- Modern town-planning's history stems from bare facts, where Industrial Revolution changes in towns and countryside turned into problems.
- The initial definitive shift was population increase via declining death rates, that fell notably below birth-rates.
- England's pop. in 1700: 5.0 million, and 6.0 million in 1750; but in 1801, the first census, it had already risen to 9 million, and to 14 million in 1831.
- Birth-rate after a slight increase during the first four decades of the eighteenth century-remained more or less constant.
- Population increase altered the distribution, specifically labour organization, leading to production method changes.
- Settlement changes, motivated by organizational shifts/technical innovations, contributed to a crisis by disrupting old town/country balance.
- The 'open field' system disappearing from old English villages helped utilize land, but turned yeomen into tenants/laborers to survive.
- The alternative to that was industrial work in the weaving industry.
- John Wood began his career in Bath by leasing land in 1724 for 99 years, subleasing for 98 years, and leaving homeowners free to design interiors but uniform façades.
- John Wood the Younger followed, with the Royal Crescent (1769).
- Wretched East End buildings experienced a hopeless congestion surge.
- Increasing numbers and insufficient sanitation compromised wellbeing in the whole city.
- Paris, Rue de Rivoli designed by Percier/Fontaine in 1806, imposed on buildings on the north side where municipal authorities supplied design, construction was private.
- In London on Crown land, John Nash started the Prince Regant project in 1812, and the public Park-Regent's Park-was created between 1820-30.
- The new Piccadilly Circus-Regent's Street thoroughfare was also opened.
- Nash built buildings around the park/street, also as contractor.
- Humphrey Repton collaborated for the Regent's Park design that included villas, cottages plus terraces for the rich bourgeoisie.
- Munster Square houses were for the middle class.
- The park was designed to be abstract and idyllic, cut off from real problems, Chadwick tried to demonstrate.
- To understand Cairo, Egypt should be examined because the city is often treated as a distinct/isolated metropolis to rest of nation.
- The importance and how Cairo’s inhabitants differ in the country as a whole should also be considered.
- The Nile Valley contains almost all of Egypt's population and most economic activity spanning over 1,100km from Aswan to the Med.
- The valley's width varies from two-three km at Aswan and twenty km at Cairo, the Delta fans out as a large, flat, triangular plain.
- Egypt receives no rain, so all agriculture is irrigated via gravity from the Nile allowing intensive Valley cultivation, two-three crops yearly.
- To understand Cairo’s modern development, it is best to start in 1950, after its wartime restrictions and literal/figurative Allied forces army hangovers.
- The city expanded at >6% per year, containing about 2.8 million residents then.
- Due to Allied armies, Cairo's economy boomed, which expanded consumer industries protected by tariffs.
- Basic infrastructure improvements were in place with existing roads, bridges, trams, water systems, and power grids.
- Prior to the war, Cairo started spilling out of its traditional/European town expanding mainly to the north with axis points.
- To the south, Maadi and Helwan were small satellites.
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