Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of bi-lateral and multi-lateral development agencies in the context of urban infrastructure financing?
To provide aid or loans to developing countries for infrastructure projects
What is a characteristic of loans provided by bi-lateral and multi-lateral development agencies?
They have a long application and fund disbursement process
Which institution is an example of a long-term infrastructure financing agency?
IDFC
What is the primary benefit of municipal bonds/debentures?
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Which of the following is an example of a Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in infrastructure projects?
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What is the benefit of 100% FDI in townships, housing, and built-up infrastructure projects?
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What is the primary role of banking institutions in the context of urban infrastructure financing?
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What is the characteristic of loans provided by banking institutions to ULBs?
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What is the purpose of credit rating of ULBs?
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What is the benefit of municipal bonds/debentures sold to individuals or institutions?
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Study Notes
Urban Planning and Municipal Governance
- Urban planning includes town planning, roads and bridges, regulation of land-use and construction of buildings, and slum improvement and upgradation.
- Responsibilities of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) include urban poverty alleviation, planning for economic and social development, and promotion of cultural, educational, and aesthetic aspects.
Municipal Governance and Service Provision
- As per the Indian Constitution, the State is responsible for the provision of municipal services.
- 74th Constitution Amendment Act, 1992, outlines ULB responsibilities and functions as per the 12th Schedule.
- Urban areas are classified as: statutory towns, municipal corporation, municipality, nagar panchayats, cantonment board, township, and port trust.
Stakeholder Consultations
- Stakeholder demands and attitudes regarding new approaches to solid waste management.
- Willingness/ability of stakeholders to cooperate and engage with formal and informal waste workers.
- Willingness to pay for services, including mode and frequency.
Solid Waste Management
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation provides 25 basic services and 42 other services, including solid waste management.
- Solid waste management department is headed by a Director and supported by a Deputy Director.
- Zone-level staff include health officers, supervisors, and sanitary inspectors.
Municipal Finance and Service Provision
- ULBs in India need to improve their fiscal autonomy and capacity to deliver infrastructure and services.
- Municipal revenues/expenditures are approximately 1% of the GDP, and revenue sources are limited and ineffective.
- Revenue sources include grants-in-aid, subsidies, foreign direct investment, loans from financial institutions, municipal bonds/debentures, and public-private partnerships.
Devolution of Expenditure and Revenue Sources
- 74th Amendment recognizes ULBs as the third tier of government.
- Article 243X: allows municipal bodies to levy, collect, and appropriate taxes, duties, tolls, and fees.
- Article 243Y: allows State Finance Commissions to review and recommend devolution of tax revenues and grants-in-aid to urban local governments.
Foreign Direct Investment and Loans
- 100% FDI is allowed in townships, housing, and built-up infrastructure projects.
- Bi-lateral and multi-lateral development agencies provide aid/loans to developing countries.
- Multilateral organizations provide loans/grants-in-aid in various countries, with a long application and fund disbursement process.
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