Untitled

• Government refers to the institutions and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled
• Government provides national security, directs the military, funds public education, ensures food safety, and oversees road construction and maintenance
• Government is defined as the institutions and procedures by which a territory and its people are ruled
• The federal government is the largest employer and creates programs affecting Americans
• Approximately 40 percent of the world's population currently lives in a constitutional democracy
• The term government refers to the institutions and procedures through which a land and its people are ruled.

Government Expectations

• Americans anticipate government services such as:
  • National Security
  • Primary and Public Education
  • Safe Food Supply

Government Trust

• Public trust in government has decreased in recent years
• This decline is attributed to:
  • Faulty intelligence information leading to the war in Iraq
  • Intense partisan conflict in Congress
  • Party divisions over the national debt limit
  • taxing and spending
  • The Affordable Care Act
• Since the 1960s, Americans' trust in their government has fallen sharply
• African Americans and Latinos express greater levels of trust in government than whites

Absence of Trust

• Absence of trust in government can lead to:
  • Public refusal to pay taxes for needed programs
  • Government inability to attract workers
  • Difficulty in defending national interests and jeopardized economy/national security
  • Toleration American Economic Inequality
  • Tax code advantageous to wealthy citizens

Political Efficacy

• Political Efficacy: Belief that citizens can influence government
• Sense of political efficacy has decreased considerably since 1960
• A decline in political efficacy can lead to decreased political participation and withdrawal from political life
• Individual political rights protect against tyranny of the majority
• In a 1960 poll, 25 percent of respondents believed elected officials cared about citizens' thoughts, while in a 2015 poll, 76 percent thought the same

Citizenship

• Citizenship began with the ancient Greeks and involved enlightened political engagement
• It included public discussion, debate, and activity for community welfare
• Citizenship is defined as informed and active membership in a political community

Political Knowledge

• Citizenship requires political knowledge for informed decisions
• Knowledge of government rules and structures allows citizens to act on their interests and engages them in politics
• Americans are not very knowledgeable about their government
• Political knowledge is necessary to understand policy proposals and their societal implications
• Political efficacy increases as citizens know the rules to engage and influence outcomes

Digital Citizenship

• Digital citizenship refers to the ability to participate in society online, which is increasingly important
• 65 percent of respondents used the Internet to find data or information about the government based on a 2015 survey
• Digital citizens are more likely to be interested in politics and discuss it with others
• Some groups are excluded from online participation in society

Different Forms of Government

• Authoritarian governments are ruled by a single ruler or a small group
  • They recognize no limits on their authority but are constrained by institutions
• Totalitarian governments recognize no authority limits
  • These governments seek to eliminate other institutions that might challenge them
  • Example: Germany from 1933 to 1945
• Autocracy is a form of government in which a single, unelected leader rules
  • Examples include Egyptian kings and queens
• Oligarchy is control by a small group, such as military officers or wealthy landowners, that is not accountable to citizens Oligarchies may insist that monarchs or dictators share power, thereby opening the door to power-sharing by other elements of society
• Democracy is a system of rule that permits citizens to play a significant part in the governmental process, usually through the election of key public officials
• Constitutional governments, which are the norm in a democracy, Governments are formally limited by laws and rules in what they can do (substantive limits) and the methods they can employ (procedural limits)
• Popular Sovereignty: Ultimate power rests with the citizenry, under the principles of democracy
• Majority Rule: The concept that a government follows the preferences of the majority of voters while protecting the interests of the minority.
• Anarchy: Conditions with no government.

Bourgeoisie

• Bourgeoisie: French term for "freeman of the city" or middle class
• Embraced limits on government and advanced principles of individual liberty, including freedom of speech, assembly, and conscience, and freedom from arbitrary search and seizure
• The key group in Europe that pushed for limited government and sought to change parliaments into an instrument of political participation

Politics

• Politics: Conflict over the leadership, structure, and policies of any organization to which people belong
• Politics also involves Influence over a government's leadership, organization, or policies
• The Goal: To have a say in a government's leadership, organization, and policies
• The Political System: Shaped by the system of government in place, especially in democratic governments

Representative vs Direct Democracy

• Representative Democracy: Governments are run by elected officials who represent the interests of their constituents
• Direct Democracy: Citizens directly vote on laws and policies; examples include town meetings and referenda

Colonial Times

• Early Colonial Dates:
  • Virginia/Jamestown: 1607
  • Massachusetts: 1620
  • North Carolina: 1653
  • Maryland: 1632-1634
  • Connecticut: 1635 - New Jersey: 1664
  • Georgia: 1732
• Tax issues led to discontent and cooperation
• Colonies affected the birth of a new nation

Tension Led to War

• The British raised tax revenue of the British by increasing the tax rate of the colonies
• New taxes led to a coalition of different interests and unified against the purchase of stamps; promoting a boycott of molasses British Control: The colonies tensed relations escalated between the colonists and British soldiers.
• Seamen like Attucks constantly lived with the threat they could be forced into the British navy, while back on land British soldiers regularly took part-time work away from colonists. A fight errupted, leading to bloodshed

Boston Massacre

• The Boston Massacre occurred on March 5, 1770, when five colonists were killed by British soldiers in Boston
• Crispus Attucks, a black man, considered the first casualty of the American Revolution
• Although credited as the event's leader and instigator, whether he was a hero/patriot was debated

Significant Laws

• Britain sought to impose new, modest taxes on the colonists
• Sugar Act of 1764: Taxed sugar, molasses, and other commodities
• Stamp Act of 1765: Required printed materials to have a stamp on them
• The government granted East India Company a monopoly on imported tea
• The 1st Continental Congress was a group of colonial delegates assembled in 1774 that called for a total boycott of all British goods.
• "Disguised” as Mohawk Indians, they boarded three British ships and threw an entire cargo of tea into Boston Harbor

Intolerable Acts

• The Boston Port Act: closed the part of Boston until damages from The Boston Tea Party were paid
• The Massachusetts Government Act restricted Massachusetts; democratic town meetings and turned the governor's council into an appointed body
• The Administration of Justice Act: made British officials immune to criminal prosecution in Massachusetts
• The Quartering Act required colonists to house and quarter British troops on demand, including in their private homes
• A Fifth Act, the Quebec Act: extended freedom of worship to Catholics in Canada, as well as granting Canadians the continuation of their judicial system

First Continental Congress

• First Continental Congress was a group of colonial delegates assembled in 1774 that called for a total boycott of all British goods
• Consisted of delegates from 12/13 colonies and formed committees to spy on friends/neighbors. They also had to report any violations of the trade ban Colonists began to gradually realize they were the same and, as a political unit, they would have more influence with Parliament.

Road to Revolution

• Revolutionary triggers traced to British increasing the colonies' tax rate
• American victory in the Revolutionary War change in the Revolutionary War change the balance of political power in the new state
• They signed the Declaration of Independence on Sepember 17, 1787 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Financial Interests

• Americans had different New England merchants, small farmers, Shop keepers
• Royal land, office, and patent holders were significantly weakened, pre- Revolutionary radicals became the controlling forces in many state legislatures

Thomas Paine

• Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet “Common Sense,”setting forth his arguments in favor of American independence
• Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government and the royal monarchy
• The common people of the United States now openly asked for independence

Declaration of Independence and Rights

• On July 4, Congress officially adopted the Declaration of Independence, is celebrated as Independence Day.
• The Second Continental Congress in 1776 met to write a statement of American independence from British rule
• People have natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
• Governments derive their power from the consent of the governed. People have a right to overthrow oppressive governments
• John Locke helped write it
• Doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern

Second Continental Congress

• The Continental Congress Appointed a committee of five to write it
• Declaring Independence said Second Continental Congress voted or free trade at All American ports with all countries except Britain.
• The signers agreed to create and submit to the authority of a government, pending the receipt of a royal charter
• If the government failed to do so, the people had the right to revolt
• Natural Rights: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. In natural law, the people are not dependent on government

U.S. Constitution

• Written by Thomas Jefferson to enumerate grievances against Britain Influences by Locke- Natural Rights
• Declaration of Independence a remarkable philosophical statement asserts “unalienable rights” to not br abridged by governments.
• Its use by Jefferson reveals the influence of the English philosopher John Locke
• It explained that, since the king had violated individual rights, the colonists had the right to rebel and separate from Britain
• It should have said "we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal"
• A voluntary agreement to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules
• It helped unify colonial groups divided along Lines by identifying shared problems, grievances, and principles

Articles of Confederation

• Appointed all the Committee Thomas Jefferson
• Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation. The first written constitution of the States, adopted in 177, Ratified by all the states in 178
• The state governments retained their “sovereignty, freedom, and independence” to form a confederation
• America's first written constitution- adopted in 1777
• Continental Congress had no power to levy taxes. They do have the power to make treaties and form Alliances
• The nation's armed forces were composed entirely of the stat militias and States had to execute laws passed by the Continenal Congress under it

Government Flaws

• No national governmet
  • Power of the federal government was weak and inefficient
• No taxing authority to protect the citizens, and their was No national government
• In 1787, Shays led a mob of farmers against the government to prevent Reposessing Debt land
• They goal was to prevent the court from repossessing debt-ridden lands held by poor farmers in western Massachusetts.

Economic Crisis

• Government could not act decisively or handle this crisis Led to the Constitutional Convention in 178
• The new government sought to protect property interests
• The new government sought to create new laws Political convention and Ratification In 1787-1789. Signed the Constitution September 1787 - The convention to draft U.S. convention

Virginia Plan - wealth power proportioned

• The legislatures representation to proportion with each wealth
• It Was then The great compromise form the legislatures
• The Legislature created new government power
• At the convention, they set in order they would protect the liberty and place of the limits of the government at the same time they believed Required Broad Popular

A more centralized Government Plan

They met in 1787 Edmund Randolph stated a resolution that they should make corrections for government but the Virginia plan gave an act to the new government

The three-fifths Compromise

• The agreement also had parts of the state which slave or freedom and now can forge agreements now and
• The legislature, when amended the 1856 panel code in order to emphasize how blacks and white were different

Government Goals

• The government sought Several Goals In the new government to give a central Government Strong enough to promote Commerce and protect property
• Prevent excessive government power
• Sought to promote the will to give public

Constitution Amendments

• It provided for establishment of state with amendments basic individual protections such as basic speech
• Now The union had to agree to 9 Of the 13 States had two follow this
• Each of the branches has a little power

Federalist vs Anti Federalist

– Federal control of the ecm

• Clear to people
• The federalists favored government by Elites
• The government favored giving more power to the states.
• These states did not only want articulate it right to this also

Pilgrims, Colonies And Compacts

Colonizing America. Trading post Tabaco.

• Representative Assembly: A legislation composed of individuals who are already represented by people,
• Plymouth, Protestans thought Catholics where from Separate they thought they were not getting read from Separate from Church
• 1770, they can from england by ship with it 104 passengers now to the government that I been promised when they were sent off course
• The Entire trip they wired about how they were going to pay the debt from Brittain and that the trip was out to give people

Puritans And Non Separatists

Compact Puritans have all wanted in the New World -The pilgrims compact was a form in the New England

• Now as a result They will Outside The bounce for that government
• The pilgrims made New England history that the
  • The compact that to get authority to have government, there is a royal charter

British Rule

• The british were very nice and the time being to the states
• The British would increase the taxes and as we told were and with some sort of heavy hands the laws to help make the war
• The France Expansion brought Ohio brought repeated attacks but it created to a bill now to declare war for France
• The New York and the trade with the

Annapolis Convention

• Annapolice: they me in 1786 was a lot of Economic
• After the war the colonist would had in 1785 In the annapolids there was 2345 states in order for revamp out of Confederation the 17s they would protect it. The states thought they were going to take too power the virgnia in May 1787, When Edmund had the authority to change the a of confederation to government or not.

Congress - two divisions

A congress - two divisions

• Each congress has power
• The congress was authorized is that they had to go around making all sorts of laws
• The US a little later on for 18 US citizens would be that each of the states are the final US citizen
• That the US has the power to declare what the citizen had
• Congress will regulate commerce make money and Borrow money to be.
• The electoral college will give the voters to the congress

Three branches and how they each influence how

• They check and to make sure each is balanced the legislative can make sure there's justice and the exact
• Ratification was very controversial. The government by light with the states in with the - and by doing so
• The anti federalists will favor giving the more states are clearly
• The US thought elections would serve to keep
• Legislators Concern