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Questions and Answers
Which sociological theory focuses on societal conflicts of domination and subordination?
Which sociological theory focuses on societal conflicts of domination and subordination?
What is the primary focus of Social Action Theory?
What is the primary focus of Social Action Theory?
What is one of the three primary areas of tourism inquiry?
What is one of the three primary areas of tourism inquiry?
Which discipline primarily emphasizes the economic aspects of tourism?
Which discipline primarily emphasizes the economic aspects of tourism?
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According to one of the definitions, who qualifies as a tourist?
According to one of the definitions, who qualifies as a tourist?
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In tourism, what is the emphasis of the 'mobility definition'?
In tourism, what is the emphasis of the 'mobility definition'?
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What is the ranking of tourism as an industry in the US economy?
What is the ranking of tourism as an industry in the US economy?
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What perspective does Symbolic Interactionism primarily focus on?
What perspective does Symbolic Interactionism primarily focus on?
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What term describes the introduction of foreign values impacting traditional or isolated communities?
What term describes the introduction of foreign values impacting traditional or isolated communities?
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What is a negative consequence of locals learning foreign languages?
What is a negative consequence of locals learning foreign languages?
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How can traditional art be negatively affected by tourism?
How can traditional art be negatively affected by tourism?
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What phenomenon often occurs due to the commodification of religion?
What phenomenon often occurs due to the commodification of religion?
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What immediate change is most commonly attributed to tourism?
What immediate change is most commonly attributed to tourism?
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What is a potential consequence of tourists viewing and purchasing traditional art?
What is a potential consequence of tourists viewing and purchasing traditional art?
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Which of the following is an example of socio-cultural tourism development change?
Which of the following is an example of socio-cultural tourism development change?
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What term describes the fear of foreigners or strangers?
What term describes the fear of foreigners or strangers?
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What characterizes the Post-Modern world in relation to traditional politics?
What characterizes the Post-Modern world in relation to traditional politics?
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Which stage in the pilgrimage process involves returning to home and routine life?
Which stage in the pilgrimage process involves returning to home and routine life?
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Which of the following represents a characteristic of 'Dark Tourism'?
Which of the following represents a characteristic of 'Dark Tourism'?
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What does the term 'Anomie' refer to in societal contexts?
What does the term 'Anomie' refer to in societal contexts?
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What is a defining trait of MacCannell's concept of 'Staged Authenticity'?
What is a defining trait of MacCannell's concept of 'Staged Authenticity'?
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How do Post-Modernists view societal evolution?
How do Post-Modernists view societal evolution?
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What are the four main reasons for traveling to a religious site?
What are the four main reasons for traveling to a religious site?
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What impact has transportation technology had on tourism?
What impact has transportation technology had on tourism?
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Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with pilgrimage?
Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with pilgrimage?
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What does the term 'Consumer Culture' imply in the context of modern societies?
What does the term 'Consumer Culture' imply in the context of modern societies?
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What is one criticism of Boorstin's view on tourist experiences?
What is one criticism of Boorstin's view on tourist experiences?
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Which of the following is a potential emotional response to visiting religious sites?
Which of the following is a potential emotional response to visiting religious sites?
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What is a consequence of mass tourism on societies?
What is a consequence of mass tourism on societies?
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What is one aspect distinguishing secular tourism from pilgrimage?
What is one aspect distinguishing secular tourism from pilgrimage?
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Which theory emphasizes the relationship between tourism and social inequality?
Which theory emphasizes the relationship between tourism and social inequality?
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What characterizes mass tourism?
What characterizes mass tourism?
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Which of the following is a common trait of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) impacted by tourism?
Which of the following is a common trait of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) impacted by tourism?
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What is an aspect of alternative tourism compared to mass tourism?
What is an aspect of alternative tourism compared to mass tourism?
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What may be a desired outcome of tourism according to the notion of authenticity?
What may be a desired outcome of tourism according to the notion of authenticity?
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Which of the following factors can influence the socio-cultural impacts of tourism?
Which of the following factors can influence the socio-cultural impacts of tourism?
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What is a potential impact of tourism on gender roles in host communities?
What is a potential impact of tourism on gender roles in host communities?
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What defines sustainable development in the context of tourism?
What defines sustainable development in the context of tourism?
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How can the quality of life in host communities be affected by tourism?
How can the quality of life in host communities be affected by tourism?
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What does the term 'urbanization' imply in tourism contexts?
What does the term 'urbanization' imply in tourism contexts?
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What is true about the economic impact of tourism?
What is true about the economic impact of tourism?
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Which of the following describes 'desertification' in tourism contexts?
Which of the following describes 'desertification' in tourism contexts?
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What can be a result of the low start-up costs associated with tourism?
What can be a result of the low start-up costs associated with tourism?
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Study Notes
Tourism: A Sociological Approach
- Modern sociology emerged in the mid-19th century, with Auguste Comte coining the term "sociology" and adopting a rigorous scientific approach.
- Key Typologies of Sociological Thought:
- Structuralism: Analyzes society as a whole and its structure.
- Consensus Theory: Views social interaction through social consensus.
- Conflict Theory: Examines societal conflicts, focusing on inequalities of wealth and power.
- Social Action Theory: Emphasizes individual actions shaping social reality.
- Symbolic Interactionism: Highlights social roles, identities, and interpersonal interactions shaping behaviors.
- Tourism is viewed as an industry, sector, and export in national income accounting. It's one of the world's largest economic sectors, ranking third (after fuels and chemicals) in the US.
- Three primary areas of tourism inquiry: The tourist, the tourist-host relationship, and the structure of the tourist system.
- Sociology and anthropology dominate tourism studies, forming a "humanology."
Tourism Definitions
- Definition 1: Activities of tourists and those catering to them; a tourist is anyone visiting another country for non-work purposes.
- Definition 2: Contrasts tourism with work, emphasizing leisure, travel, and temporal/spatial separation from daily life.
- Definition 3: Focuses on the study of humans away from their usual habitat, related industries catering to their needs, and tourism's impacts on the host environment.
- Domestic tourism is significantly greater than international tourism (5-6 times).
Tourism, Modernity & Post-Modernity
- Society evolves from traditional to modern to post-modern stages.
- Tourism's importance in modern/post-modern societies stems from technological advances in transportation (jet planes, container ships).
- Tourism is integrated into everyday life through experiences like buying ethnic goods, eating at ethnic restaurants, and through travel channels and websites.
Tourism: Spiritual & Emotional Responses
- A distinction between pilgrimage and secular tourism based on perceived meaning.
- Religion manifests in societal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
- Spirituality is considered a personal, subjective form of religiosity.
- Pilgrimage stages: Separation, liminality, and reintegration.
- Secular tourism can reflect spiritual needs as well.
Tourism and Authenticity
- The "authentic" versus "fake" debate involves real versus contrived experiences.
- Boorstin vs. MacCannell debate on authenticity: Boorstin focused on the acceptance of inauthentic experiences in tourism and MacCannell critiqued inauthentic, superficial tours, believing they reflect the inadequacies of modern alienated societies.
- Authenticity may be marketed as pre-modern or traditional.
- Perceptions depend on the relationship between tourists and host culture members.
- Goffman's "staged authenticity" involves the tourist's perception in front/tourist space vs. back/local space.
- MacCannell's six-stage continuum of increasing authenticity caters to diversified tourist needs.
- Cohen adapted MacCannell's model, acknowledging tourist differentiation of authenticity and staged experiences.
Tourism and Development
- Modernization, dependency, world-system, neoclassical counter-revolution, and alternative dependency theories are relevant. (specifics are noted in the text)
- Tourism accounts for 9% of global GDP, with a greater impact in less-developed countries.
- Tourism has low start-up costs.
- Tourism can re-distribute wealth from richer to poorer countries.
- Mass tourism (vs. elite) has varied impacts on tourism destinations.
- Sustainable development prioritizes present and future needs for host societies and tourists.
- Eco-tourism and agro-tourism are sustainable tourism approaches.
The Socio-Cultural Consequences of Tourism
- Globalization, urbanization, and industrialization are linked to tourism.
- Different types of tourists have varying impacts on destinations.
- Tourism can lead to economic dependence, and its success depends on size of destination and development rate.
- Social and cultural changes in destinations can include changes in quality of life (infrastructure, transportation), gender roles, community structure, behavior, and language and religion.
- The demonstration effect can lead to the adoption of foreign values and norms.
- Traditional art and cultural practices can be commodified. "Dark tourism" is viewed through this lens.
- The impacts of tourism are often positive economically, but can be damaging to environment and culture.
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Description
Explore the sociological dimensions of tourism in this quiz. Learn about key typologies of sociological thought, including structuralism and conflict theory, and how they apply to the tourism industry. Understand the roles of the tourist and tourist-host relationships in shaping society.
