Tourism: A Sociological Approach
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Questions and Answers

Which sociological theory focuses on societal conflicts of domination and subordination?

  • Structuralism
  • Consensus Theory
  • Conflict Theory (correct)
  • Symbolic Interactionism

What is the primary focus of Social Action Theory?

  • The effects of power dynamics
  • The analysis of social structures
  • The consensus among social groups
  • The actions of individuals forming social reality (correct)

What is one of the three primary areas of tourism inquiry?

  • Economic Impact of Tourism
  • Cultural Exchange
  • The Tourist - Host Relationship (correct)
  • Tourist Satisfaction

Which discipline primarily emphasizes the economic aspects of tourism?

<p>Economics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to one of the definitions, who qualifies as a tourist?

<p>A person visiting a country for any non-work purpose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In tourism, what is the emphasis of the 'mobility definition'?

<p>Temporal and spatial separation from daily life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ranking of tourism as an industry in the US economy?

<p>Third (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does Symbolic Interactionism primarily focus on?

<p>Establishment of social roles and identities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the introduction of foreign values impacting traditional or isolated communities?

<p>Demonstration Effect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a negative consequence of locals learning foreign languages?

<p>Deterioration of local dialects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can traditional art be negatively affected by tourism?

<p>It loses significance when mass-produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon often occurs due to the commodification of religion?

<p>Conflict and exploitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What immediate change is most commonly attributed to tourism?

<p>Social change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of tourists viewing and purchasing traditional art?

<p>It trivializes cultural significance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of socio-cultural tourism development change?

<p>Installation of souvenir shops at religious sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the fear of foreigners or strangers?

<p>Xenophobia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Post-Modern world in relation to traditional politics?

<p>Failure of political parties to deliver on promises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the pilgrimage process involves returning to home and routine life?

<p>Reintegration Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic of 'Dark Tourism'?

<p>Traveling to sites of death or disaster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Anomie' refer to in societal contexts?

<p>A breakdown of standards and lack of purpose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining trait of MacCannell's concept of 'Staged Authenticity'?

<p>There are different 'front' and 'back' spaces in tourism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Post-Modernists view societal evolution?

<p>As a shift occurring in the late 20th century (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main reasons for traveling to a religious site?

<p>Spiritual, Heritage, Special Interest, Planned/Impulse visit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact has transportation technology had on tourism?

<p>Integration of travel into everyday life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typically associated with pilgrimage?

<p>Conformity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Consumer Culture' imply in the context of modern societies?

<p>An emphasis on material possessions and consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism of Boorstin's view on tourist experiences?

<p>Tourists are largely satisfied with inauthentic experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential emotional response to visiting religious sites?

<p>A sense of spirituality or emotional calm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of mass tourism on societies?

<p>Negative environmental impact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one aspect distinguishing secular tourism from pilgrimage?

<p>Only pilgrimage involves religious motivation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory emphasizes the relationship between tourism and social inequality?

<p>Dependency Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mass tourism?

<p>Minimal engagement with local culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common trait of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) impacted by tourism?

<p>Low standards of living (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an aspect of alternative tourism compared to mass tourism?

<p>Emphasis on community-driven development (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What may be a desired outcome of tourism according to the notion of authenticity?

<p>Escape from everyday life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence the socio-cultural impacts of tourism?

<p>Number of tourists visiting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential impact of tourism on gender roles in host communities?

<p>Promotion of gender equality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines sustainable development in the context of tourism?

<p>Meeting current needs while preserving future opportunities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the quality of life in host communities be affected by tourism?

<p>By declining infrastructure and local resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'urbanization' imply in tourism contexts?

<p>Growth of cities as tourist destinations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the economic impact of tourism?

<p>Tourism can lead to an increase in local job opportunities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes 'desertification' in tourism contexts?

<p>Environmental degradation and loss of inhabitants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a result of the low start-up costs associated with tourism?

<p>Higher vulnerability to economic fluctuations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Sociology

The study of society and social behavior, using a scientific approach.

Structuralism (Sociology)

A sociological approach focusing on how society is structured and functions as a whole.

Conflict Theory (Sociology)

A sociological perspective emphasizing power struggles and inequalities in society, especially focusing on wealth and power.

Social Action Theory (Sociology)

A sociological perspective focusing on the actions of individuals and how they shape society.

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Tourism (General)

Activities of tourists and those who serve tourists, especially those traveling to a different country for non-work reasons.

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Tourist-Host Relationship

The interaction and relationship between tourists and the people or communities they visit.

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Tourism Industry

Tourism viewed as a major economic sector, encompassing businesses that cater to tourists.

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Tourism as an Export

Tourism viewed as a service that generates national revenue, like a product sold to other nations.

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Domestic Tourism

Traveling within one's own country for leisure or business.

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International Tourism

Traveling to a different country for leisure or business.

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Tourist's Impact

The effects tourists have on a destination's socio-cultural, economic, and physical environment.

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Modernity

A period of societal advancement marked by industrialization, technology, and individualism.

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Post-Modernity

A shift in societal values emphasizing diversity, consumerism, and questioning traditional norms.

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Anomie

A societal condition of instability and lack of purpose caused by a breakdown of values and norms.

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Consumer Culture

A society driven by the acquisition and consumption of goods and services.

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Pilgrimage Tourism

Travel motivated by religious or spiritual fulfillment, often involving sacred sites.

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Secular Tourism

Travel driven by personal fulfillment, often with a spiritual or emotional element, but not necessarily religious.

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Frontier Travel

Exploring beyond known or comfortable boundaries, often with a sense of adventure or the unknown.

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Authenticity in Tourism

The genuineness and originality of a tourist experience, often debated in terms of real vs. contrived experiences.

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Boorstin School

Belief that tourists are satisfied with inauthentic, contrived experiences.

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MacCannell School

Criticizes inauthentic tourist experiences, emphasizing the desire for genuine encounters.

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Staged Authenticity

Creating a contrived, curated experience for tourists, often separating 'front' and 'back' spaces.

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Tourist Markers

Elements that signal to tourists the authenticity and significance of a place or attraction.

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Demonstration Effect

Tourists' behaviors and values can influence locals to adopt similar practices, sometimes leading to changes in culture.

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Language Impact of Tourism

Locals learning foreign languages to communicate with tourists can lead to the decline of local dialects in remote areas.

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Commodification of Religion

Religious events, festivals, and sites become primarily marketed to tourists, often overshadowing their original spiritual significance.

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Tourism's Impact on Traditional Art

Mass-produced art for souvenir shops can trivialize the significance of traditional art forms, leading to a loss of cultural value.

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Socio-Cultural Tourism Development Change

The introduction of tourism can lead to changes in a community's social and cultural landscape.

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Beach Resorts Impact

The construction of beach resorts in small coastal towns can significantly alter the local environment and social structure.

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Souvenir Shops at Religious Sites

The installation of souvenir shops at religious sites can commercialize sacred spaces, diminishing their spiritual significance.

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Xenophobia in Tourism

Fear or hostility towards foreigners can arise in communities as they experience a large influx of tourists.

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NOSTALGIA in Tourism

Tourism is deeply rooted in a longing for the past, seeking preservation of historical sites, cultures, myths, and stories.

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Dependency Theory in Tourism

This theory argues that tourism can lead to economic dependence on wealthier nations, with potential negative consequences for developing countries.

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Mass Tourism

Large-scale tourism involving package tours, large groups, and limited time spent at destinations.

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Alternative Tourism

Tourism focused on sustainable practices, environmental protection, and respecting local cultures.

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Sustainable Tourism

Development that meets the needs of present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future.

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Economic Impacts of Tourism

Tourism contributes significantly to global GDP, especially in developing countries. It creates jobs, generates revenue, and fosters infrastructure development.

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Social & Cultural Impacts of Tourism

Tourism can lead to significant social and cultural changes in host communities, impacting behavior, gender roles, community structure, and traditional values.

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Globalization in Tourism

Tourism contributes to the spread of global trends like Americanization and Westernization, influencing fashion, music, and other aspects of culture.

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Tourism and Development

The relationship between tourism and economic development is complex. Tourism can both contribute to development and create dependencies.

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Tourism Dependency

A situation where a community's economy becomes heavily reliant on tourism, potentially leading to vulnerability and loss of economic diversity.

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Tourist's Impact on Community Structure

Tourism can alter the demographics and social structure of a host community, leading to urbanization, out-migration, and seasonal changes.

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Tourist's Impact on Gender Roles

Tourism can challenge traditional gender roles, particularly in patriarchal societies, leading to shifts in expectations and behaviors.

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Tourism and Quality of Life

Tourism can improve the quality of life in a community by providing jobs, infrastructure development, and access to essential services, but also has potential negative impacts.

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Tourism and Inequalities

Tourism often leads to uneven distribution of benefits. Tourists from wealthier countries often benefit more than local communities.

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Study Notes

Tourism: A Sociological Approach

  • Modern sociology emerged in the mid-19th century, with Auguste Comte coining the term "sociology" and adopting a rigorous scientific approach.
  • Key Typologies of Sociological Thought:
    • Structuralism: Analyzes society as a whole and its structure.
    • Consensus Theory: Views social interaction through social consensus.
    • Conflict Theory: Examines societal conflicts, focusing on inequalities of wealth and power.
    • Social Action Theory: Emphasizes individual actions shaping social reality.
    • Symbolic Interactionism: Highlights social roles, identities, and interpersonal interactions shaping behaviors.
  • Tourism is viewed as an industry, sector, and export in national income accounting. It's one of the world's largest economic sectors, ranking third (after fuels and chemicals) in the US.
  • Three primary areas of tourism inquiry: The tourist, the tourist-host relationship, and the structure of the tourist system.
  • Sociology and anthropology dominate tourism studies, forming a "humanology."

Tourism Definitions

  • Definition 1: Activities of tourists and those catering to them; a tourist is anyone visiting another country for non-work purposes.
  • Definition 2: Contrasts tourism with work, emphasizing leisure, travel, and temporal/spatial separation from daily life.
  • Definition 3: Focuses on the study of humans away from their usual habitat, related industries catering to their needs, and tourism's impacts on the host environment.
  • Domestic tourism is significantly greater than international tourism (5-6 times).

Tourism, Modernity & Post-Modernity

  • Society evolves from traditional to modern to post-modern stages.
  • Tourism's importance in modern/post-modern societies stems from technological advances in transportation (jet planes, container ships).
  • Tourism is integrated into everyday life through experiences like buying ethnic goods, eating at ethnic restaurants, and through travel channels and websites.

Tourism: Spiritual & Emotional Responses

  • A distinction between pilgrimage and secular tourism based on perceived meaning.
  • Religion manifests in societal attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
  • Spirituality is considered a personal, subjective form of religiosity.
  • Pilgrimage stages: Separation, liminality, and reintegration.
  • Secular tourism can reflect spiritual needs as well.

Tourism and Authenticity

  • The "authentic" versus "fake" debate involves real versus contrived experiences.
  • Boorstin vs. MacCannell debate on authenticity: Boorstin focused on the acceptance of inauthentic experiences in tourism and MacCannell critiqued inauthentic, superficial tours, believing they reflect the inadequacies of modern alienated societies.
  • Authenticity may be marketed as pre-modern or traditional.
  • Perceptions depend on the relationship between tourists and host culture members.
  • Goffman's "staged authenticity" involves the tourist's perception in front/tourist space vs. back/local space.
  • MacCannell's six-stage continuum of increasing authenticity caters to diversified tourist needs.
  • Cohen adapted MacCannell's model, acknowledging tourist differentiation of authenticity and staged experiences.

Tourism and Development

  • Modernization, dependency, world-system, neoclassical counter-revolution, and alternative dependency theories are relevant. (specifics are noted in the text)
  • Tourism accounts for 9% of global GDP, with a greater impact in less-developed countries.
  • Tourism has low start-up costs.
  • Tourism can re-distribute wealth from richer to poorer countries.
  • Mass tourism (vs. elite) has varied impacts on tourism destinations.
  • Sustainable development prioritizes present and future needs for host societies and tourists.
  • Eco-tourism and agro-tourism are sustainable tourism approaches.

The Socio-Cultural Consequences of Tourism

  • Globalization, urbanization, and industrialization are linked to tourism.
  • Different types of tourists have varying impacts on destinations.
  • Tourism can lead to economic dependence, and its success depends on size of destination and development rate.
  • Social and cultural changes in destinations can include changes in quality of life (infrastructure, transportation), gender roles, community structure, behavior, and language and religion.
  • The demonstration effect can lead to the adoption of foreign values and norms.
  • Traditional art and cultural practices can be commodified. "Dark tourism" is viewed through this lens.
  • The impacts of tourism are often positive economically, but can be damaging to environment and culture.

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Explore the sociological dimensions of tourism in this quiz. Learn about key typologies of sociological thought, including structuralism and conflict theory, and how they apply to the tourism industry. Understand the roles of the tourist and tourist-host relationships in shaping society.

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