Questions and Answers
A feeling of oneness with all humankind can be referred to as _____
social interest
Sigmund Freud believed that humans are motivated only by sex and aggression whereas Alfred Adler believed that _____.
people are mostly motivated by social influences
Alfred Adler believed that people are born with weak bodies and therefore a _____ is inherent in people.
feeling of unity
Psychologically unhealthy individuals strive for _____.
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Psychologically healthy individuals strive for _____.
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Alfred Adler believed that if children are pampered, their goal remains largely _____
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Alfred Adler's _____ presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest.
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Alfred Adler believed that people strive for _____ or success as a means of compensation for feelings of inferiority or weakness.
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Sigmund Freud's viewpoints differed from Alfred Adler as Freud laid heavy emphasis on _____
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Socially nonproductive attempts seek to _____.
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Social interests aim at success or perfection for _____
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Alfred Adler laid emphasis on _____ as the ultimate standard for psychological health.
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Joel displays great interest in the personal lives of his patients, appearing motivated by _____, but his actions are self-serving and motivated by overcompensation for feelings of _____.
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Alfred Adler introduced the term striving for success to describe actions of people who are motivated by _____.
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People who strive for success rather than personal superiority have a sense of _____ that is tied closely to their contributions to human society.
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_____ children strive toward superiority defined in terms of success and social interest.
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According to Alfred Adler, the goals of an individual who strives for superiority with little or no concern for others are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of _____, or the presence of a(n) ______ _________
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Adler identified two general avenues of striving, one of which was the socially nonproductive attempt to gain personal superiority.
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Alfred Adler adopted a _____ view, one in which people are motivated by present perceptions of the future.
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According to Alfred Adler, a belief in an omnipotent God who rewards good and punishes evil is most likely an example of a _____.
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Thoughts that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success are referred to as _____.
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Alfred Adler insisted that early recollections are always consistent with people's present style of life.
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In many societies, boys are frequently taught early that being courageous, strong, and dominant means being _____.
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Alfred Adler frequently asked patients about their _____, that is, their birth order, the gender of their siblings, and the age spread between them.
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According to research findings, who among the following is most likely to achieve the highest educational and career outcomes?
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Alfred Adler believed that the psychic life of women is essentially the same as that of men and that a male-dominated society is not natural but rather an artificial product of historical development.
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Alfred Adler believed that most _____ are self-deceptions and not easily understood by the dreamer.
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Alfred Adler insisted that people who lack _____ are self-centered and strive for personal power and superiority over others.
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Study Notes
Social Interest and Motivation
- Social interest refers to a feeling of oneness with all humankind.
- Adler asserted that humans are primarily motivated by social influences rather than just sex and aggression, contrasting Freud’s views.
- A sense of unity is considered inherent due to the belief that people are often born with weak bodies.
Psychological Health
- Psychologically unhealthy individuals tend to strive for personal superiority, while healthy individuals aim for the success of all humanity.
- Pampered children may develop unconscious goals and lack direction, affecting their future.
- Those who possess high levels of social interest strive for success and contribution to humanity.
Inferiority and Superiority
- Adler believed that feelings of inferiority drive individuals to strive for superiority or success, often compensating for perceived weaknesses.
- An inferiority complex arises when a person’s actions are governed by exaggerated feelings of inferiority.
Life Styles and Goals
- Adler introduced the concept of "style of life," which encompasses one's goals, self-concept, and attitudes towards the world and others.
- The subjective perceptions of reality shape how individuals strive for their goals and are influenced by their social environment.
Adler vs. Freud
- Freud emphasized unconscious behavior components, while Adler advocated for present perceptions influencing motivation.
- Adler criticized Freud's limited perspective, asserting that motivation is also shaped by social connections and responsibilities.
Safeguarding Tendencies
- Individuals develop safeguarding tendencies to mask their fragile self-esteem and inflated self-image.
- Common safeguarding mechanisms include excuses, aggression, withdrawal, and constructing obstacles.
- These mechanisms allow individuals to cope with feelings of inferiority while maintaining a facade of superiority.
Development and Family Influence
- Early relationships, like a mother-child bond, significantly contribute to developing social interest.
- A child's perception of their father’s authority can lead to a distorted sense of social interest and foster maladaptation.
- Birth order and family dynamics play a crucial role in personality development, influencing competitiveness and social behavior.
Education and Sibling Dynamics
- Firstborn children, especially females, often achieve better educational and career outcomes due to familial dynamics.
- Sibling relationships can involve competition for parental affection and attention, affecting individual development.
Masculine Protest
- Adler's concept of “masculine protest” suggests societal norms pressure individuals to conform to ideals of masculinity, often valuing male qualities over femininity.
- Adler argued that both genders desire similar outcomes in society, challenging traditional gender roles and perceptions.
Therapeutic Approaches
- Adlerian psychotherapy aims to enhance courage and social interest while addressing individual perception of their experiences.
- Patients are encouraged to reflect on early recollections, providing insight into personality and motivations.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts from Chapter 3 of Theories of Personality (T.O.P). This quiz covers significant terms and theories proposed by notable psychologists, including Alfred Adler and Sigmund Freud. Enhance your understanding of social interest and motivations in human behavior.
