Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a healthy tongue appearance?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a healthy tongue appearance?
What is the primary nerve responsible for the taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
What is the primary nerve responsible for the taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which of the following muscles of the tongue is classified as an intrinsic muscle?
Which of the following muscles of the tongue is classified as an intrinsic muscle?
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue functions primarily to retract the tongue?
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue functions primarily to retract the tongue?
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What is the primary arterial supply to the tongue?
What is the primary arterial supply to the tongue?
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What condition is characterized by smooth irregular red patches and white wavy lines on the tongue, which may change position?
What condition is characterized by smooth irregular red patches and white wavy lines on the tongue, which may change position?
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Which nerve is responsible for the taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which nerve is responsible for the taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
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Which artery primarily supplies blood to the tongue?
Which artery primarily supplies blood to the tongue?
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Which condition is associated with inflammation of the tongue that can lead to swelling and changes in surface texture?
Which condition is associated with inflammation of the tongue that can lead to swelling and changes in surface texture?
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Which nerve primarily supplies motor function to the muscles of the tongue?
Which nerve primarily supplies motor function to the muscles of the tongue?
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What is the primary vein responsible for draining blood from the tongue?
What is the primary vein responsible for draining blood from the tongue?
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What type of glossitis is characterized by a specific pattern of inflammation, often appearing as a median rhomboid shape?
What type of glossitis is characterized by a specific pattern of inflammation, often appearing as a median rhomboid shape?
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What effect can tongue piercings have on oral health?
What effect can tongue piercings have on oral health?
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What condition is characterized by an overgrowth of cells creating elongated papillae on the tongue?
What condition is characterized by an overgrowth of cells creating elongated papillae on the tongue?
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Which intrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for altering the shape of the tongue?
Which intrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for altering the shape of the tongue?
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Which nerve is primarily responsible for the motor innervation of the tongue?
Which nerve is primarily responsible for the motor innervation of the tongue?
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Which of the following represents a major blood supply to the tongue?
Which of the following represents a major blood supply to the tongue?
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the tongue most commonly occurs in which location?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the tongue most commonly occurs in which location?
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What is the function of the Hyoglossus muscle?
What is the function of the Hyoglossus muscle?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of intrinsic muscle of the tongue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of intrinsic muscle of the tongue?
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Which condition involves the trapping of food and bacteria, potentially leading to discoloration of the tongue?
Which condition involves the trapping of food and bacteria, potentially leading to discoloration of the tongue?
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Study Notes
Tongue, Taste Buds, and Taste
- The tongue is a movable muscular organ with a root, body, and tip (apex).
- It has a curved dorsal surface and an inferior ventral surface.
- The tongue is divided into anterior two-thirds (oral/body) and posterior one-third (pharyngeal/base), separated by the sulcus terminalis.
- The four types of lingual papillae are filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate.
- Filiform papillae cover most of the tongue's surface.
- Fungiform papillae are larger, located on the dorsal surface, and contain taste buds.
- Circumvallate papillae are large, shaped like a V, arranged in a row at the back of the tongue, and contain numerous taste buds.
- Foliate papillae are located on the sides of the tongue, and contain taste buds.
- Taste buds are barrel-shaped organs in the lingual papillae.
- Taste buds contain 30-80 spindle-shaped cells.
- Taste buds have supporting cells and taste cells.
- Taste cells make contact with dissolved food molecules in the taste pore.
- The tongue has both sensory and motor nerve supply.
- Posterior one-third of tongue is innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
- Anterior two-thirds (sensory) are innervated by lingual nerve, trigeminal nerve (V), and chorda tympani (facial nerve VII).
- Motor supply is via the hypoglossal nerve (XII), except palatoglossus (vagus nerve X).
- Tongue blood supply is from the lingual artery (branch of external carotid artery).
- The tongue drains principally through the lingual vein.
Tongue Functions
- The tongue assists in mastication, swallowing, taste, oral hygiene, and speech.
- It also plays a role in kissing, sensitivity, and sucking.
- Taste starts digestion, and is linked to sight, smell, and sound of food.
- These senses increase saliva flow and stimulate gastric juices.
Abnormal Tongue Appearance
- Geographic tongue is a benign condition from tongue inflammation.
- It has irregular red patches surrounded by white lines and changes position, like a map.
- Avoid acidic and spicy foods to help with treatment.
- Glossitis is an inflammation causing swelling, and changes in the tongue's surface texture and can be acute, chronic, atrophic or median rhomboid.
- Common causes of glossitis include anemia and celiac disease.
- Oral tongue piercings might impact oral hygiene and the integrity of the teeth.
- Black hairy tongue presents as elongated papillae and discoloration due to excessive food and bacteria growth, which smoking, antibiotics or radiotherapy can trigger.
Muscles of the Tongue
- The tongue muscles are grouped into extrinsic and intrinsic.
- Extrinsic muscles are located outside the tongue but insert into it, changing the tongue's position and movement.
- Intrinsic muscles are completely within the tongue and alter its shape.
- Extrinsic muscles include genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus.
- Intrinsic muscles include superior longitudinal muscle, inferior longitudinal muscle, vertical muscle, and transverse muscle.
- Each muscle has specific origins, insertions, and actions.
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