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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason for the high prevalence of Candida infection in individuals with iron deficiency?
What is the primary reason for the high prevalence of Candida infection in individuals with iron deficiency?
What is a potential consequence of tongue piercings on oral hygiene?
What is a potential consequence of tongue piercings on oral hygiene?
How can the appearance of black hairy tongue be treated effectively?
How can the appearance of black hairy tongue be treated effectively?
What percentage of oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)?
What percentage of oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)?
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Which site is most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue?
Which site is most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue?
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What lifestyle factors can contribute to the development of a black hairy tongue?
What lifestyle factors can contribute to the development of a black hairy tongue?
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What is the primary function of the tongue that relates to food intake?
What is the primary function of the tongue that relates to food intake?
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Which of the following best describes the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Which of the following best describes the dorsal surface of the tongue?
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Which set of muscles primarily controls the intrinsic movements of the tongue?
Which set of muscles primarily controls the intrinsic movements of the tongue?
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How is the sensation of taste primarily generated?
How is the sensation of taste primarily generated?
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What aspect of tongue appearance can indicate a health issue?
What aspect of tongue appearance can indicate a health issue?
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Which structure does NOT form part of the tongue's anatomy?
Which structure does NOT form part of the tongue's anatomy?
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What nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the taste buds?
What nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the taste buds?
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Which function of the tongue is primarily associated with speech?
Which function of the tongue is primarily associated with speech?
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Which of the following terms does NOT describe a function of the tongue?
Which of the following terms does NOT describe a function of the tongue?
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What is a distinguishing feature of the filiform papillae?
What is a distinguishing feature of the filiform papillae?
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Which type of lingual papillae is primarily involved in taste sensation?
Which type of lingual papillae is primarily involved in taste sensation?
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Which characteristic accurately describes fungiform papillae?
Which characteristic accurately describes fungiform papillae?
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What is the role of Von Ebner’s glands associated with circumvallate papillae?
What is the role of Von Ebner’s glands associated with circumvallate papillae?
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Why do filiform papillae appear white when there is an increase in keratin?
Why do filiform papillae appear white when there is an increase in keratin?
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How many spindle-shaped cells typically compose a taste bud?
How many spindle-shaped cells typically compose a taste bud?
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What is the approximate turnover rate of taste bud cells?
What is the approximate turnover rate of taste bud cells?
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What is the main function of foliate papillae?
What is the main function of foliate papillae?
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Where are fungiform papillae primarily located on the tongue?
Where are fungiform papillae primarily located on the tongue?
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What is the physical shape of taste buds?
What is the physical shape of taste buds?
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What role do supporting cells play in taste buds?
What role do supporting cells play in taste buds?
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Which of the following correctly describes the location of taste cells within a taste bud?
Which of the following correctly describes the location of taste cells within a taste bud?
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What initiates the taste sensation according to the content?
What initiates the taste sensation according to the content?
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Why is saliva crucial for tasting food?
Why is saliva crucial for tasting food?
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Which types of foods do taste sensations like sweet or umami generally indicate?
Which types of foods do taste sensations like sweet or umami generally indicate?
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What physiological role does taste play in digestion?
What physiological role does taste play in digestion?
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What impact does xerostomia have on taste sensation?
What impact does xerostomia have on taste sensation?
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Which of the following statements regarding taste receptors is accurate?
Which of the following statements regarding taste receptors is accurate?
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How might individuals with reduced taste sensations compensate for lack of taste?
How might individuals with reduced taste sensations compensate for lack of taste?
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The primary function of taste buds is to?
The primary function of taste buds is to?
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What is the primary function of the genioglossus muscle?
What is the primary function of the genioglossus muscle?
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Which of the following muscles originates from the hyoid bone?
Which of the following muscles originates from the hyoid bone?
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What is the action of the palatoglossus muscle?
What is the action of the palatoglossus muscle?
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Which muscle primarily assists in the retraction of the tongue?
Which muscle primarily assists in the retraction of the tongue?
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Which muscle is responsible for altering the position of the tongue and originates outside of it?
Which muscle is responsible for altering the position of the tongue and originates outside of it?
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Where does the styloglossus muscle originate?
Where does the styloglossus muscle originate?
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Which of the following muscles blends with the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which of the following muscles blends with the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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What is the role of the superior genial tubercle in relation to tongue muscles?
What is the role of the superior genial tubercle in relation to tongue muscles?
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Which statement accurately describes the action of the styloglossus muscle?
Which statement accurately describes the action of the styloglossus muscle?
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What distinguishes intrinsic muscles from extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
What distinguishes intrinsic muscles from extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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Study Notes
The Tongue
- The tongue is a moveable muscular organ
- The tongue is composed of a root, body and tip (apex)
- The tongue has a curved dorsal surface and an inferior ventral surface
- The tongue has many functions:
- Masticaiton
- Taste
- Swallowing
- Oral hygiene
- Speech
- Kissing
- Suckling
- Sensitivity
- Defence
Structures of the Tongue
-
Filiform
- Rough appearance and texture
- Outer layer of keratinized epithelium sitting over a core of lamina propria
- Whiter colour appearance if increase in keratin
- No taste buds present
- Mechanical function: guide food back to pharynx for swallowing
- Less numerous
-
Fungiform
- scattered all over mucous membrane, more towards tip and lateral surfaces
- Not found near sulcus terminalis - more anterior and lateral
- Thin outer layer of keratinised epithelium - overlying a more vascular lamina propria
- Function - contain tastebuds, involved in taste sensation
-
Circumvallate
- Larger than other lingual papillae
- 3-5mm in diameter
- 7-15 large raised mushroom-like structures
- Appear immediately in front of sulcus terminalis
- Outer layer of keratinised epithelium sitting over a core of lamina propria
- Hundreds of taste buds located at base of their walls in epithelium
- Von Ebner’s glands secrete serous saliva into trenches around circumvallate papillae - flush out and clean trenches near taste pores to introduce new taste sensations
- Function - taste sensation
-
Foliate
- Leaf-like papillae
- Present on lateral borders of tongue
- 4-11 parallel ridges that alternate with deep grooves into mucosa
- Few taste buds present
- Outer layer of keratinised epithelium sitting over layer of core of lamina propria
- Taste buds present so main function is taste sensation
Taste Buds
- Barrel-shaped organs
- Composed of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend from the basement membrane to the epithelial surface of the lingual papillae
- The lingual papillae associated with taste buds are fungiform, foliate and circumvallate
- Turnover of taste bud cells is rapid, approximately 10 days.
- Within each taste bud there are two types of cell:
- SupporCng cells
- Taste Cells
-
SupporCng cells
- Support the taste bud and are usually located on the outer portion of the taste bud
-
Taste Cells
- Usually located in the central portion of the taste bud
- The taste pore is an opening in the most superficial portion of the taste bud
- Superficial taste receptors make contact with dissolved molecules of food at the taste pore producing a taste sensation
- Taste cells are also associated with sensory neuron processes in the inferior portion of the taste bud among the cells which receive messages of taste sensation by way of the receptors. The messages are then sent by way of the nerve to the central nervous system where it is idenCfied as a certain type of taste
Taste (Gustation)
- Foods that are sweet, umami or low salt indicate nutrient rich foods
- Bitter, sour or highly salty foods indicate potentially toxic or spoiling foods
- Taste starts digestion and is closely linked to the other 4 senses
- Sight, smell and the sounds of food prepare the body by increasing saliva flow and stimulating gastric juices
- When food enters the mouth, touch allows the body to know what type of saliva is most appropriate.
- Taste hairs make contact with dissolved molecules of foods.
- Saliva needs to be present in order to experience taste, as substances can only be tasted in solution
- Reduced taste sensation may occur in patients with xerostomia or reduced saliva production
Muscles of the Tongue
- Divided into two groups:
- Extrinsic muscles (originate outside the tongue and inserted into it)
- Intrinsic muscles (contained entirely within the tongue)
-
Extrinsic muscles
- Alter the position of the tongue
-
Genioglossus
- Origin: The superior genial tubercle (on the inferior aspect of the mandible)
- Insertion: Into the whole surface of the tongue
- Action: Pulls tongue forward to protrude from the mouth. Whole muscle can depress and form a concavity on its dorsal surface
-
Hyoglossus
- Origin: The hyoid bone
- Insertion: The ventral side of the tongue
- Action: Depresses the tongue and assists in retraction
-
Palatoglossus
- Lies within the palatoglossal arch
- Origin: Small narrow muscle arising from the aponeurosis of the soft palate
- Insertion: Side of the tongue, and blends with the intrinsic muscles
- Action: Lifts up the tongue, closing off the mouth from the pharynx e.g. during swallowing
-
Styloglossus
- Origin: A short muscle originaCng at the styloid process
- Insertion: Blends with the inferior longitudinal muscle, and the hyoglossus
Tongue Piercings
- Tongue piercings are the most popular oral piercing
- May impact on oral hygiene, calculus can build up on piercing
- May impact on the integrity of the teeth, wear facets on teeth more possible - acrylic balls can decrease risk of damage
Black Hairy Tongue
- Overgrowth of cells creating elongated papillae. Food, bacteria and yeast becomes trapped and causes discolouraCon. Smoking, anCbioCcs and radiotherapy can also contribute to the appearance.
- Treated by cleaning the surface of the tongue with a toothbrush or tongue scraper, and making lifestyle changes.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
- Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) make up 95% of oropharyngeal cancers.
- Most common site (40%) is the tongue, on the posterior lateral border or ventral surface.
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Description
Explore the intricate anatomy and functions of the tongue in this quiz. Learn about its different structures such as filiform and fungiform papillae, as well as its roles in taste, speech, and swallowing. Perfect for students of anatomy and oral biology.