Tongue and taste buds hard

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for the high prevalence of Candida infection in individuals with iron deficiency?

Use of certain dental products

Poor oral hygiene practices

Greater exposure to allergens

Alterations in the oral mucosa (correct)

What is a potential consequence of tongue piercings on oral hygiene?

Increased plaque accumulation (correct)

Decreased risk of tooth decay

Reduced risk of oral infections

Enhanced taste sensation

How can the appearance of black hairy tongue be treated effectively?

Applying topical steroids

Using mouthwash with alcohol

Avoiding smoking only

Brushing and scraping the tongue surface (correct)

What percentage of oropharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCC)?

95% Signup and view all the answers

Which site is most commonly affected by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the tongue?

Posterior lateral border Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factors can contribute to the development of a black hairy tongue?

Smoking, antibiotics, and radiotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the tongue that relates to food intake?

Mas;ca;on Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the dorsal surface of the tongue?

Curved with a rough texture Signup and view all the answers

Which set of muscles primarily controls the intrinsic movements of the tongue?

Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles Signup and view all the answers

How is the sensation of taste primarily generated?

By the activation of taste buds on the tongue Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of tongue appearance can indicate a health issue?

Texture changes like smoothness or roughness Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does NOT form part of the tongue's anatomy?

The frenulum Signup and view all the answers

What nerve is responsible for the sensory innervation of the taste buds?

Facial nerve (CN VII) Signup and view all the answers

Which function of the tongue is primarily associated with speech?

Mas;ca;on Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms does NOT describe a function of the tongue?

Olfaction Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing feature of the filiform papillae?

Have a rough appearance and texture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lingual papillae is primarily involved in taste sensation?

Fungiform Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic accurately describes fungiform papillae?

Contain numerous taste buds Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Von Ebner’s glands associated with circumvallate papillae?

Flushing and cleaning the trenches to introduce new taste sensations Signup and view all the answers

Why do filiform papillae appear white when there is an increase in keratin?

Because of the keratinization of the outer layer Signup and view all the answers

How many spindle-shaped cells typically compose a taste bud?

30-80 cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate turnover rate of taste bud cells?

10 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of foliate papillae?

Taste sensation through present taste buds Signup and view all the answers

Where are fungiform papillae primarily located on the tongue?

Tip and lateral surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the physical shape of taste buds?

Barrel-shaped Signup and view all the answers

What role do supporting cells play in taste buds?

They support the structure of the taste bud. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the location of taste cells within a taste bud?

They are located in the central portion. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the taste sensation according to the content?

Taste hairs contact dissolved molecules of food. Signup and view all the answers

Why is saliva crucial for tasting food?

Taste can only occur when food is dissolved. Signup and view all the answers

Which types of foods do taste sensations like sweet or umami generally indicate?

Nutrient-rich foods. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological role does taste play in digestion?

It stimulates saliva production and gastric juices. Signup and view all the answers

What impact does xerostomia have on taste sensation?

It reduces taste sensation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding taste receptors is accurate?

They contact dissolved molecules to produce taste sensations. Signup and view all the answers

How might individuals with reduced taste sensations compensate for lack of taste?

By increasing the use of flavor enhancers. Signup and view all the answers

The primary function of taste buds is to?

Identify different types of taste. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the genioglossus muscle?

Pulls the tongue forward and can depress it Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles originates from the hyoid bone?

Hyoglossus Signup and view all the answers

What is the action of the palatoglossus muscle?

Lifts the tongue and assists in closing the mouth Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle primarily assists in the retraction of the tongue?

Hyoglossus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for altering the position of the tongue and originates outside of it?

Extrinsic muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where does the styloglossus muscle originate?

The styloid process Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles blends with the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Palatoglossus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the superior genial tubercle in relation to tongue muscles?

Originates for the genioglossus muscle Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the action of the styloglossus muscle?

Elevates and retracts the tongue Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes intrinsic muscles from extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Intrinsic muscles do not affect the position of the tongue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Tongue

The tongue is a moveable muscular organ
The tongue is composed of a root, body and tip (apex)
The tongue has a curved dorsal surface and an inferior ventral surface
The tongue has many functions:
- Masticaiton
- Taste
- Swallowing
- Oral hygiene
- Speech
- Kissing
- Suckling
- Sensitivity
- Defence

Structures of the Tongue

Filiform
- Rough appearance and texture
- Outer layer of keratinized epithelium sitting over a core of lamina propria
- Whiter colour appearance if increase in keratin
- No taste buds present
- Mechanical function: guide food back to pharynx for swallowing
- Less numerous
Fungiform
- scattered all over mucous membrane, more towards tip and lateral surfaces
- Not found near sulcus terminalis - more anterior and lateral
- Thin outer layer of keratinised epithelium - overlying a more vascular lamina propria
- Function - contain tastebuds, involved in taste sensation
Circumvallate
- Larger than other lingual papillae
- 3-5mm in diameter
- 7-15 large raised mushroom-like structures
- Appear immediately in front of sulcus terminalis
- Outer layer of keratinised epithelium sitting over a core of lamina propria
- Hundreds of taste buds located at base of their walls in epithelium
- Von Ebner’s glands secrete serous saliva into trenches around circumvallate papillae - flush out and clean trenches near taste pores to introduce new taste sensations
- Function - taste sensation
Foliate
- Leaf-like papillae
- Present on lateral borders of tongue
- 4-11 parallel ridges that alternate with deep grooves into mucosa
- Few taste buds present
- Outer layer of keratinised epithelium sitting over layer of core of lamina propria
- Taste buds present so main function is taste sensation

Taste Buds

Barrel-shaped organs
Composed of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend from the basement membrane to the epithelial surface of the lingual papillae
The lingual papillae associated with taste buds are fungiform, foliate and circumvallate
Turnover of taste bud cells is rapid, approximately 10 days.
Within each taste bud there are two types of cell:
- SupporCng cells
- Taste Cells
SupporCng cells
- Support the taste bud and are usually located on the outer portion of the taste bud
Taste Cells
- Usually located in the central portion of the taste bud
- The taste pore is an opening in the most superficial portion of the taste bud
- Superficial taste receptors make contact with dissolved molecules of food at the taste pore producing a taste sensation
- Taste cells are also associated with sensory neuron processes in the inferior portion of the taste bud among the cells which receive messages of taste sensation by way of the receptors. The messages are then sent by way of the nerve to the central nervous system where it is idenCfied as a certain type of taste

Taste (Gustation)

Foods that are sweet, umami or low salt indicate nutrient rich foods
Bitter, sour or highly salty foods indicate potentially toxic or spoiling foods
Taste starts digestion and is closely linked to the other 4 senses
Sight, smell and the sounds of food prepare the body by increasing saliva flow and stimulating gastric juices
When food enters the mouth, touch allows the body to know what type of saliva is most appropriate.
Taste hairs make contact with dissolved molecules of foods.
Saliva needs to be present in order to experience taste, as substances can only be tasted in solution
Reduced taste sensation may occur in patients with xerostomia or reduced saliva production

Muscles of the Tongue

Divided into two groups:
- Extrinsic muscles (originate outside the tongue and inserted into it)
- Intrinsic muscles (contained entirely within the tongue)
Extrinsic muscles
- Alter the position of the tongue
- Genioglossus
  - Origin: The superior genial tubercle (on the inferior aspect of the mandible)
  - Insertion: Into the whole surface of the tongue
  - Action: Pulls tongue forward to protrude from the mouth. Whole muscle can depress and form a concavity on its dorsal surface
- Hyoglossus
  - Origin: The hyoid bone
  - Insertion: The ventral side of the tongue
  - Action: Depresses the tongue and assists in retraction
- Palatoglossus
  - Lies within the palatoglossal arch
  - Origin: Small narrow muscle arising from the aponeurosis of the soft palate
  - Insertion: Side of the tongue, and blends with the intrinsic muscles
  - Action: Lifts up the tongue, closing off the mouth from the pharynx e.g. during swallowing
- Styloglossus
  - Origin: A short muscle originaCng at the styloid process
  - Insertion: Blends with the inferior longitudinal muscle, and the hyoglossus

Tongue Piercings

Tongue piercings are the most popular oral piercing
May impact on oral hygiene, calculus can build up on piercing
May impact on the integrity of the teeth, wear facets on teeth more possible - acrylic balls can decrease risk of damage

Black Hairy Tongue

Overgrowth of cells creating elongated papillae. Food, bacteria and yeast becomes trapped and causes discolouraCon. Smoking, anCbioCcs and radiotherapy can also contribute to the appearance.
Treated by cleaning the surface of the tongue with a toothbrush or tongue scraper, and making lifestyle changes.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) make up 95% of oropharyngeal cancers.
Most common site (40%) is the tongue, on the posterior lateral border or ventral surface.

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Description

Explore the intricate anatomy and functions of the tongue in this quiz. Learn about its different structures such as filiform and fungiform papillae, as well as its roles in taste, speech, and swallowing. Perfect for students of anatomy and oral biology.