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Questions and Answers
What best describes central tolerance in the immune system?
What best describes central tolerance in the immune system?
Which mechanism is NOT a primary function of peripheral tolerance?
Which mechanism is NOT a primary function of peripheral tolerance?
What causes the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to autoimmune diseases?
What causes the breakdown of self-tolerance leading to autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following correctly identifies a consequence of traumatic injury in relation to autoimmune responses?
Which of the following correctly identifies a consequence of traumatic injury in relation to autoimmune responses?
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Which statement is true concerning autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorders?
Which statement is true concerning autoimmune lymphoproliferative disorders?
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What role does antigen sequestration play in maintaining self-tolerance?
What role does antigen sequestration play in maintaining self-tolerance?
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Which factor is NOT typically involved in the mechanisms of autoimmunity?
Which factor is NOT typically involved in the mechanisms of autoimmunity?
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Which statement about autoimmune diseases is NOT accurate?
Which statement about autoimmune diseases is NOT accurate?
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Which of the following is classified as an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
Which of the following is classified as an organ-specific autoimmune disease?
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What common factor can influence the manifestation of autoimmune diseases?
What common factor can influence the manifestation of autoimmune diseases?
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What leads to the breakdown of T cell anergy and subsequent activation of T cells specific for self-antigens?
What leads to the breakdown of T cell anergy and subsequent activation of T cells specific for self-antigens?
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Which of the following phenomena is best exemplified by rheumatic heart disease?
Which of the following phenomena is best exemplified by rheumatic heart disease?
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What is the most significant association of HLA alleles with autoimmune disease?
What is the most significant association of HLA alleles with autoimmune disease?
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What mechanism involves the alteration of self antigens by microbial agents leading to autoimmune diseases?
What mechanism involves the alteration of self antigens by microbial agents leading to autoimmune diseases?
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What role does tissue trauma play in the development of autoimmune diseases?
What role does tissue trauma play in the development of autoimmune diseases?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding susceptibility genes in autoimmune diseases?
Which of the following statements is true regarding susceptibility genes in autoimmune diseases?
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Which microorganism is known to cause polyclonal activation of B cells leading potentially to autoreactivity?
Which microorganism is known to cause polyclonal activation of B cells leading potentially to autoreactivity?
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How does failure of T cell mediated suppression contribute to autoimmune diseases?
How does failure of T cell mediated suppression contribute to autoimmune diseases?
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Which of the following methods can lead to autoimmune reactions through molecular mimicry?
Which of the following methods can lead to autoimmune reactions through molecular mimicry?
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What can trigger the release of sequestered self antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses?
What can trigger the release of sequestered self antigens, potentially leading to autoimmune responses?
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Study Notes
Tolerance and Autoimmune Disorders
- Tolerance is the inability of the immune system to respond to self-antigens.
- Self-tolerance prevents the immune system from attacking the body's own cells and tissues.
- Central tolerance involves clonal deletion of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes in the thymus or bone marrow.
- Peripheral tolerance removes or deactivates autoreactive cells that escape central tolerance.
- Anergy, suppression by regulatory T cells, and deletion by apoptosis are mechanisms of peripheral tolerance.
- Autoimmune diseases occur when self-tolerance fails, allowing the immune system to attack self-antigens.
- Mechanisms of autoimmunity include failure of self-tolerance, genetic factors, and infectious factors.
- Examples of autoimmune diseases include type I diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune thyroid disease.
- Genetic defects in apoptotic pathways can lead to immune dysregulation and autoimmune diseases.
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
- Failure of self-tolerance: Breakdown of T cell anergy, failure of T cell suppression, molecular mimicry.
- Genetic factors: Inheritance of susceptibility genes.
- Infectious factors: Modification of self-antigens, cross-reaction with microbial epitopes, resulting inflammation and immune activation.
- Molecular mimicry: When a microbial antigen resembles a self-antigen, the immune response may attack both.
- Release of sequestered self-antigens and exposure of hidden epitopes through tissue trauma or inflammatory destruction can trigger an immune response.
Types of Autoimmune Diseases
- Organ-specific autoimmune diseases affect a specific organ or tissue.
- Examples include autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and myasthenia gravis.
- Systemic autoimmune diseases affect multiple organs and systems.
- Examples include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of tolerance and autoimmune disorders, focusing on how the immune system distinguishes between self and non-self. It covers mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance and the failure of self-tolerance leading to various autoimmune diseases. Test your understanding of this critical aspect of immunology.
