Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following are characteristics of togaviruses? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are characteristics of togaviruses? (Select all that apply)
- Positive-sense, ssRNA virus (correct)
- Non-enveloped
- Replicates in cytoplasm (correct)
- Produces short protein sequences
Which types of togaviruses are known?
Which types of togaviruses are known?
- HIV
- Rubella (German measles) (correct)
- Flavivirus
- Arbovirus (correct)
What is the vector for arboviruses?
What is the vector for arboviruses?
Arthropods (like mosquitoes)
What are the main complications of arbovirus infections?
What are the main complications of arbovirus infections?
What are some childhood rubella symptoms or complications?
What are some childhood rubella symptoms or complications?
How is childhood rubella transmitted?
How is childhood rubella transmitted?
Rubella is a __________ infection that can cross the placenta.
Rubella is a __________ infection that can cross the placenta.
What are the congenital rubella complications or symptoms?
What are the congenital rubella complications or symptoms?
What is the main clinical triad for congenital rubella?
What is the main clinical triad for congenital rubella?
What are some adult rubella complications or symptoms?
What are some adult rubella complications or symptoms?
What is the prevention method for rubella?
What is the prevention method for rubella?
When can HIV patients receive the MMR live attenuated vaccine?
When can HIV patients receive the MMR live attenuated vaccine?
Which groups are restricted from receiving the MMR vaccine?
Which groups are restricted from receiving the MMR vaccine?
What does the ToRCHeS mnemonic stand for?
What does the ToRCHeS mnemonic stand for?
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Study Notes
Togavirus Characteristics
- Positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus (ssRNA)
- Enveloped structure
- Replicates in the cytoplasm
- Produces a long polyprotein precursor, cleaved by viral proteases
Types of Togaviruses
- Includes Arboviruses and Rubella (German measles)
Arbovirus Vector
- Primary vectors include arthropods, such as mosquitoes
Main Complications of Arbovirus
- Western equine encephalitis affects the Western U.S.
- Eastern equine encephalitis affects the Eastern U.S.
- Venezuelan equine encephalitis is also significant
Childhood Rubella Symptoms/Complications
- Symptoms include postauricular and occipital lymphadenopathy
- Rash starts at the head and descends quickly, faster than measles rash
Childhood Rubella Method of Transmission
- Spreads via respiratory droplets
Rubella as a TORCH Infection
- Classifies as a TORCH infection capable of crossing the placenta
Congenital Rubella Complications/Symptoms
- Often causes patent ductus arteriosus
- Associated with jaundice and a "blueberry muffin" rash
- Risk of congenital cataracts and sensorineural deafness
Main Clinical Triad for Congenital Rubella
- Key symptoms include congenital cataracts, sensorineural deafness, and patent ductus arteriosus
Adult Rubella Complications/Symptoms
- Includes arthralgias/arthritis, lymphadenopathy, and fever
Prevention for Rubella
- MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) live attenuated vaccine
- Induces both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
HIV Patients and MMR Vaccine
- Can receive the MMR vaccine when their CD4 count exceeds 200
Restricted Groups for MMR Vaccine
- Pregnant women are advised against receiving the MMR vaccine
- Individuals with HIV and CD4 counts below 200 should avoid vaccination
ToRCHeS Mnemonic
- Represents infections: Toxoplasmosis gondii, Rubella, CMV, HSV, Herpes zoster, Hepatitis B/C/E, and Syphilis
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