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Questions and Answers
Which of the following substances is considered a psychoactive chemical found in tobacco?
Which of the following substances is considered a psychoactive chemical found in tobacco?
Smoking tobacco has no impact on the blood vessels.
Smoking tobacco has no impact on the blood vessels.
False
What is the greatest avoidable cause of death related to tobacco use?
What is the greatest avoidable cause of death related to tobacco use?
Smoking
E-cigarettes deliver nicotine in the form of a ______ that is inhaled.
E-cigarettes deliver nicotine in the form of a ______ that is inhaled.
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Which of the following is a poisonous substance found in tobacco smoke?
Which of the following is a poisonous substance found in tobacco smoke?
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Match the type of environmental tobacco smoke with its description:
Match the type of environmental tobacco smoke with its description:
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Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to dental diseases.
Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to dental diseases.
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What health effect can long-term smoking have on organs besides the lungs?
What health effect can long-term smoking have on organs besides the lungs?
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What is the mechanism of action of xanthines in the brain?
What is the mechanism of action of xanthines in the brain?
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Opioids are solely synthetic substances without natural origins.
Opioids are solely synthetic substances without natural origins.
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What is the primary use of analgesic drugs?
What is the primary use of analgesic drugs?
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Caffeine may partially offset the effects of __________ but may not improve performance in well-rested individuals.
Caffeine may partially offset the effects of __________ but may not improve performance in well-rested individuals.
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Match the following opioid classifications with their examples:
Match the following opioid classifications with their examples:
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Which of the following is an example of a fully potent agonist?
Which of the following is an example of a fully potent agonist?
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Partial agonists completely block receptor activity.
Partial agonists completely block receptor activity.
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What are the effects of consuming xanthines on physiological functions?
What are the effects of consuming xanthines on physiological functions?
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What is the lethal dose of nicotine?
What is the lethal dose of nicotine?
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Nicotine increases both heart rate and blood pressure.
Nicotine increases both heart rate and blood pressure.
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Name one long-term respiratory effect on children exposed to nicotine.
Name one long-term respiratory effect on children exposed to nicotine.
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The active metabolite of nicotine is called ______.
The active metabolite of nicotine is called ______.
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Which of the following is NOT a behavioral effect of nicotine?
Which of the following is NOT a behavioral effect of nicotine?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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Cotinine is more active than 3-hydroxycotinine.
Cotinine is more active than 3-hydroxycotinine.
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Which of the following drugs is classified under the indole group due to its chemical structure?
Which of the following drugs is classified under the indole group due to its chemical structure?
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What physiological effect does nicotine have on the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity?
What physiological effect does nicotine have on the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity?
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Withdrawal from opioids is always excruciating.
Withdrawal from opioids is always excruciating.
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Name one psychological factor that maintains drug use.
Name one psychological factor that maintains drug use.
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The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures is known as __________.
The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures is known as __________.
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Match these drugs to their respective categories:
Match these drugs to their respective categories:
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Which type of psychedelic is associated with greater mental confusion and loss of touch with reality?
Which type of psychedelic is associated with greater mental confusion and loss of touch with reality?
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Cross tolerance exists among all opioids.
Cross tolerance exists among all opioids.
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What are the two major chemical structures of psychedelics?
What are the two major chemical structures of psychedelics?
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Which xanthine is primarily found in cacao?
Which xanthine is primarily found in cacao?
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Tea contains more caffeine than coffee when comparing average amounts per cup.
Tea contains more caffeine than coffee when comparing average amounts per cup.
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What is the half-life of caffeine metabolism?
What is the half-life of caffeine metabolism?
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Caffeinism refers to the __________ effects of caffeine on the central nervous system.
Caffeinism refers to the __________ effects of caffeine on the central nervous system.
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Match the following xanthines with their primary sources:
Match the following xanthines with their primary sources:
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Which of the following is most potent in stimulating the cardiovascular system?
Which of the following is most potent in stimulating the cardiovascular system?
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Caffeine is listed under substance use disorder in DSM-5.
Caffeine is listed under substance use disorder in DSM-5.
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What withdrawal symptoms can occur from caffeine dependence?
What withdrawal symptoms can occur from caffeine dependence?
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What is the primary receptor that THC binds to in the brain?
What is the primary receptor that THC binds to in the brain?
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Anandamide is an exogenous substance that has effects similar to marijuana.
Anandamide is an exogenous substance that has effects similar to marijuana.
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What are the withdrawal symptoms that can occur after stopping THC usage?
What are the withdrawal symptoms that can occur after stopping THC usage?
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The acute effect of smoking marijuana includes __________, which is the feeling of being high.
The acute effect of smoking marijuana includes __________, which is the feeling of being high.
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How long do the effects of THC last when taken orally?
How long do the effects of THC last when taken orally?
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Match the following THC-related effects with their descriptions:
Match the following THC-related effects with their descriptions:
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Oral THC has a high potential for abuse due to its rapid onset of effects.
Oral THC has a high potential for abuse due to its rapid onset of effects.
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What is Dronabinol primarily used for?
What is Dronabinol primarily used for?
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Study Notes
Tobacco
- Psychoactive Chemical: Nicotine is a psychoactive chemical in tobacco. Safer cigarettes are a potential area of research.
- Health Hazards: Tobacco and tobacco smoke affect nearly every body part including the mouth, brain, stomach, and reproductive system. Hundreds of chemicals damage the body, such as acetone, ammonia, and hexamine. Cigarette tar is concentrated particles creating a brown mass. Carcinogens from tobacco combined with other chemicals cause cancer. Examples of such chemicals include Benzo(a)pyrene, Nitrosamine, and Urethane. Arsenic and hydrogen cyanide are poisonous substances found in tobacco.
- Smokeless Tobacco Concerns: Smokeless tobacco packages have warning labels. Concerns include increased risks of dental disease and oral cancer. The labels warn about the presence of potent carcinogens like nitrosamines, which cause leukoplakia.
- E-Cigarettes: Concerns about e-cigarettes and health are discussed, including their potential impact on health .
- Long-term Smoking Effects: Smoking tobacco has significant long-term effects on organs like the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and others. They are a leading cause of preventable death, especially for those who start young and smoke for a long time. COPD (chronic bronchitis), inflammation of the airways, and plaque buildup are among the effects. If a person is diabetic, smoking can cause insulin resistance.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
- Types of ETS: Mainstream (smoked by the smoker), Sidestream (smoke rising from ash), and Thirdhand (residual chemicals on surfaces).
- Effects of ETS: ETS is classified as a class A carcinogen. Secondhand smoking is exposure to cigarette smoke from the environment of others.
Nicotine Pharmacology
- Absorption: Inhalation is a highly effective method, absorbing around 90% of inhaled nicotine.
- Metabolism: 80-90% of nicotine is deactivated in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys.
- Tolerance: Nicotine use increases liver enzyme activity, contributing to tolerance; high doses can be lethal.
- Half-life: Nicotine has a short half-life, typically between 24-84 minutes.
- Mechanism of Action: Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, first stimulating and then blocking receptor sites. This triggers the release of dopamine and adrenaline, resulting in an indirect sympathomimetic effect.
Quitting Smoking
- Challenges: Quitting smoking presents various physiological and behavioral challenges.
- Treatment (Pharmacological and Replacement): Treatments include CNS and circulatory system effects like increasing heart rate and blood pressure, decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood (shortness of breath), and reduced hunger with increased blood sugar. Behavioral effects include both a calming and stimulant effects, Nicotine replacement therapies like gum, patches, and inhalers provide nicotine without harmful substances. Pharmacological therapies like bupropion (Zyban) are also available.
Caffeine
- Class of Chemicals: A psychoactive drug belonging to the xanthine class.
- Main Sources: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine are the main sources of xanthines.
- Found In: A purine base found in most organisms and the human body.
Opioids
- Classification: Naturally occurring substances derived from the poppy plant.
- Effects: Relieve pain, induce pleasurable sensations, relieve anxiety.
-
Types:
- Natural: Morphine, codeine, and thebaine
- Semi-synthetic: Heroin, oxymorphone, and hydromorphone
- Synthetic: Meperidine, methadone, various morphinians and benzamorphans.
- Mechanism of Action (in the brain): Interact with opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa) and affect reward systems (dopamine), and inhibit GABA and norepinephrine.
Misconceptions/Concerns
- Withdrawal: Withdrawal is not always excruciating but is comparable to a mild intestinal flu.
- Addiction: One injection doesn’t necessarily lead permanent addiction.
Psychedelics
- Mechanism of Action: Directly impacts the brain, altering perception and mood.
- Effects: Alterations in perception, moods, and mental states.
Marijuana (Cannabis)
- Chemical Components: Cannabis contains various chemicals including THC (primary psychoactive component) and other cannabinoids like CBD.
- Medicial Uses: Has some safe and effective medical applications (prevent nausea and stimulate appetite as examples.)
- Mechanism of Action: Interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body.
- Potential Effects: Increased heart rate, lung issues (chronic exposure leading to breathing problems), decreased testosterone, and lower birthrate in women, withdrawal isn't life-threatening but unpleasant.
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Description
This quiz explores the health hazards associated with tobacco use, including the psychoactive effects of nicotine and the presence of harmful chemicals. It discusses the dangers of both smoking and smokeless tobacco, as well as the growing concerns surrounding e-cigarettes. Assess your knowledge on the impact of tobacco on the body and related health issues.