Tobacco Health Risks and Chemicals
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following substances is considered a psychoactive chemical found in tobacco?

  • Alcohol
  • Methamphetamine
  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine (correct)

Smoking tobacco has no impact on the blood vessels.

False (B)

What is the greatest avoidable cause of death related to tobacco use?

Smoking

E-cigarettes deliver nicotine in the form of a ______ that is inhaled.

<p>vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a poisonous substance found in tobacco smoke?

<p>Arsenic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of environmental tobacco smoke with its description:

<p>Mainstream smoke = The smoke exhaled by the smoker Sidestream smoke = The smoke rising from the ash of a cigarette Thirdhand smoke = Residual nicotine and chemicals left on surfaces Secondhand smoke = Cigarette smoke inhaled from the environment of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to dental diseases.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health effect can long-term smoking have on organs besides the lungs?

<p>It can cause insulin resistance, especially in diabetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of xanthines in the brain?

<p>They block adenosine receptors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Opioids are solely synthetic substances without natural origins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of analgesic drugs?

<p>Relief from pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caffeine may partially offset the effects of __________ but may not improve performance in well-rested individuals.

<p>fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following opioid classifications with their examples:

<p>Natural forms = Morphine, Codeine, Thebaine Semisynthetic = Heroin, Oxymorphone, Hydromorphone Synthetic = Meperidine, Methadone, Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a fully potent agonist?

<p>Fentanyl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Partial agonists completely block receptor activity.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of consuming xanthines on physiological functions?

<p>Stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles, causes sleep disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lethal dose of nicotine?

<p>60 mg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nicotine increases both heart rate and blood pressure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one long-term respiratory effect on children exposed to nicotine.

<p>bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The active metabolite of nicotine is called ______.

<p>cotinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral effect of nicotine?

<p>Increased hunger (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Cotinine = Active metabolite of nicotine SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Asthma = Chronic respiratory condition Nicotine replacement therapy = Alternative nicotine delivery methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cotinine is more active than 3-hydroxycotinine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified under the indole group due to its chemical structure?

<p>Psilocybin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effect does nicotine have on the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity?

<p>Decreased oxygen-carrying ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Withdrawal from opioids is always excruciating.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one psychological factor that maintains drug use.

<p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures is known as __________.

<p>synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match these drugs to their respective categories:

<p>LSD = Indole Mescaline = Phantastica Ketamine = Deliriant MDMA = Catechol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of psychedelic is associated with greater mental confusion and loss of touch with reality?

<p>Deliriants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cross tolerance exists among all opioids.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two major chemical structures of psychedelics?

<p>Indole and Catechol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which xanthine is primarily found in cacao?

<p>Theobromine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tea contains more caffeine than coffee when comparing average amounts per cup.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the half-life of caffeine metabolism?

<p>3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caffeinism refers to the __________ effects of caffeine on the central nervous system.

<p>stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following xanthines with their primary sources:

<p>Caffeine = Coffee plant Theophylline = Tea plant Theobromine = Cacao plant Xanthine = Found in most human bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is most potent in stimulating the cardiovascular system?

<p>Theophylline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Caffeine is listed under substance use disorder in DSM-5.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What withdrawal symptoms can occur from caffeine dependence?

<p>Fatigue and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary receptor that THC binds to in the brain?

<p>CB1 receptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anandamide is an exogenous substance that has effects similar to marijuana.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the withdrawal symptoms that can occur after stopping THC usage?

<p>Anxiety, irritability, disrupted sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

The acute effect of smoking marijuana includes __________, which is the feeling of being high.

<p>euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long do the effects of THC last when taken orally?

<p>8-10 hours (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following THC-related effects with their descriptions:

<p>Bronchodilation = Improved airflow in the lungs Munchies = Increase in appetite Increased heart rate = Risk for cardiovascular disease Dryness of the mouth = Common physiological effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oral THC has a high potential for abuse due to its rapid onset of effects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Dronabinol primarily used for?

<p>As an antiemetic and to stimulate appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nicotine

The psychoactive chemical found in tobacco products, responsible for the addictive nature of smoking.

Cigarette Tar

The condensed particles from cigarette smoke that form a brown, sticky residue containing harmful chemicals.

Carcinogens

A group of chemicals known to cause cancer, found in tobacco smoke and other sources.

Nitrosamine

A potent carcinogen found in smokeless tobacco that can cause leukoplakia, a precancerous condition.

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Mainstream smoke

The smoke that comes directly from a burning cigarette, exhaled by the smoker.

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Sidestream smoke

The smoke that rises from the burning end of a cigarette, unfiltered and potentially more harmful.

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Thirdhand smoke

The residual nicotine and other chemicals left behind on surfaces after tobacco smoke has been present.

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

The smoke inhaled from the environment, including the smoke exhaled by other smokers or released from burning cigarettes.

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What is nicotine?

Nicotine is the main psychoactive ingredient in tobacco products. It's a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid, colorless and volatile, responsible for the addictive properties of smoking.

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How long does nicotine's effect last in the body?

Nicotine's effects are short-lived due to its rapid metabolism and excretion. It has a half-life of 24-84 minutes.

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How is nicotine absorbed by the body?

Nicotine can be absorbed through the lungs (smoking), skin (nicotine patches), and mucous membranes (chewing tobacco). Inhalation is the most effective method, with 90% of inhaled nicotine being absorbed.

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How does nicotine addiction develop?

Nicotine addiction develops quickly, often within weeks of starting smoking. Regular nicotine use results in tolerance, meaning larger doses are needed to achieve the desired effects.

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How does nicotine affect the brain?

Nicotine acts as an acetylcholine mimic, first stimulating and then blocking receptor sites in the brain. This affects the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, leading to feelings of pleasure and reward.

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What are the risks of smoking during pregnancy?

Smoking during pregnancy can lead to serious health issues like miscarriage, low birth weight, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

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What are the health risks of exposure to secondhand smoke?

Exposure to secondhand smoke can lead to respiratory problems like bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma in children. It also increases the risk of SIDS.

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What is nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)?

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) aims to reduce withdrawal symptoms by providing nicotine without harmful tar and carbon monoxide. Forms include gum, patches, and inhalers.

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Xanthines

A group of chemical compounds that includes caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. They are found in various plants such as coffee, tea, and chocolate.

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Caffeine

A xanthine found in coffee, tea, and chocolate, it is the most commonly consumed psychoactive drug.

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Theophylline

The xanthine found in tea, it's used as a medication for asthma in higher doses.

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Theobromine

The xanthine found in cacao, it's similar to caffeine but less potent.

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Half-life of caffeine

The amount of time it takes for the concentration of a drug in the body to reduce by half. For caffeine, it's approximately 3 hours.

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Caffeine withdrawal

A group of symptoms that occur when an individual who regularly consumes caffeine reduces their intake or stops consuming it altogether. These symptoms can include fatigue, headache, and irritability.

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Caffeinism

A condition characterized by excessive caffeine consumption leading to a range of physical and psychological symptoms. These can include anxiety, restlessness, insomnia, and heart palpitations.

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CNS effects of caffeine

The main effect of caffeine in the body is to stimulate the central nervous system, this results in increased alertness, focus, and energy levels.

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Mechanism of Action: Xanthines

Xanthines block the adenosine receptors in the brain. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that produces behavioral sedation and inhibits other neurotransmitter release.

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Physiological Effects: Xanthines

Xanthines stimulate the central nervous system and skeletal muscles, leading to restlessness and difficulty sleeping. They also constrict blood vessels in the brain, potentially affecting blood flow.

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What are Opioids?

A naturally occurring substance derived from the poppy plant, known for its pain-relieving and mood-altering effects. It can be classified into natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic forms.

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How do Opioids Work?

Opioids relieve pain by acting on receptors in the brain and spinal cord.

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What are Agonists?

Drugs that occupy and activate receptors, mimicking the effects of natural substances.

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What are Antagonists?

Drugs that occupy receptors but do not activate them, blocking the effects of natural substances.

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What are Partial Agonists?

Drugs that partially activate receptors, producing some effects but not the full response.

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What is Morphine?

The active ingredient in opium. It is a potent analgesic, 10 times stronger than opium. It has a high potential for addiction.

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Dependence Potential

The potential of a drug to cause dependence, both physical and psychological.

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Tolerance

The ability of the body to adapt to repeated drug use, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects.

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Physical Dependence

A state where the body depends on a drug to function normally, leading to uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms when the drug is stopped.

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Positive Reinforcement

A state where a person uses a drug repeatedly for the positive effects it provides, leading to a strong craving for the drug.

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Negative Reinforcement

A state where a person uses a drug to avoid the negative withdrawal symptoms they experience when the drug is stopped.

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Psychedelics

A group of drugs that alter perceptions and moods, often causing changes in sensory experiences, time perception, and emotional states.

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Synesthesia

The sensation of experiencing different senses as if they were intertwined, like seeing sounds or hearing colors.

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Phantastica

A category of psychedelics that produce strong visual and auditory hallucinations while the user remains aware of their surroundings.

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Oral THC Absorption

THC taken orally is absorbed slowly, reaching peak effects around 90 minutes and lasting 8-10 hours. More THC is broken down by the liver, reducing the amount reaching the brain.

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Cannabinoid Receptors

THC and other cannabinoids bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors in the body. CB1 receptors are primarily in the brain and central nervous system, while CB2 receptors are mainly in peripheral organs.

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Medical Uses of Dronabinol

Dronabinol, an oral THC preparation, is used to prevent nausea and vomiting and stimulate appetite in medical settings.

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Physiological Effects of Marijuana

The effects of marijuana can include increased heart rate, bronchodilation, reddening of the eyes, dry mouth, increased appetite, and feelings of euphoria.

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THC Tolerance

Tolerance to THC can develop with frequent and high doses. This means users need more THC to achieve the same effects.

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THC Withdrawal

Withdrawal symptoms from THC include anxiety, irritability, and disrupted sleep. These typically start within a day of the last dose and can last for several days.

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Chronic Marijuana Smoking

Chronic marijuana smoking can lead to lung damage, especially for daily users.

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Oral THC Abuse Potential

Oral THC does not have the potential for abuse due to its slower and less potent effects compared to smoking.

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Study Notes

Tobacco

  • Psychoactive Chemical: Nicotine is a psychoactive chemical in tobacco. Safer cigarettes are a potential area of research.
  • Health Hazards: Tobacco and tobacco smoke affect nearly every body part including the mouth, brain, stomach, and reproductive system. Hundreds of chemicals damage the body, such as acetone, ammonia, and hexamine. Cigarette tar is concentrated particles creating a brown mass. Carcinogens from tobacco combined with other chemicals cause cancer. Examples of such chemicals include Benzo(a)pyrene, Nitrosamine, and Urethane. Arsenic and hydrogen cyanide are poisonous substances found in tobacco.
  • Smokeless Tobacco Concerns: Smokeless tobacco packages have warning labels. Concerns include increased risks of dental disease and oral cancer. The labels warn about the presence of potent carcinogens like nitrosamines, which cause leukoplakia.
  • E-Cigarettes: Concerns about e-cigarettes and health are discussed, including their potential impact on health .
  • Long-term Smoking Effects: Smoking tobacco has significant long-term effects on organs like the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and others. They are a leading cause of preventable death, especially for those who start young and smoke for a long time. COPD (chronic bronchitis), inflammation of the airways, and plaque buildup are among the effects. If a person is diabetic, smoking can cause insulin resistance.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

  • Types of ETS: Mainstream (smoked by the smoker), Sidestream (smoke rising from ash), and Thirdhand (residual chemicals on surfaces).
  • Effects of ETS: ETS is classified as a class A carcinogen. Secondhand smoking is exposure to cigarette smoke from the environment of others.

Nicotine Pharmacology

  • Absorption: Inhalation is a highly effective method, absorbing around 90% of inhaled nicotine.
  • Metabolism: 80-90% of nicotine is deactivated in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys.
  • Tolerance: Nicotine use increases liver enzyme activity, contributing to tolerance; high doses can be lethal.
  • Half-life: Nicotine has a short half-life, typically between 24-84 minutes.
  • Mechanism of Action: Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, first stimulating and then blocking receptor sites. This triggers the release of dopamine and adrenaline, resulting in an indirect sympathomimetic effect.

Quitting Smoking

  • Challenges: Quitting smoking presents various physiological and behavioral challenges.
  • Treatment (Pharmacological and Replacement): Treatments include CNS and circulatory system effects like increasing heart rate and blood pressure, decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood (shortness of breath), and reduced hunger with increased blood sugar. Behavioral effects include both a calming and stimulant effects, Nicotine replacement therapies like gum, patches, and inhalers provide nicotine without harmful substances. Pharmacological therapies like bupropion (Zyban) are also available.

Caffeine

  • Class of Chemicals: A psychoactive drug belonging to the xanthine class.
  • Main Sources: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine are the main sources of xanthines.
  • Found In: A purine base found in most organisms and the human body.

Opioids

  • Classification: Naturally occurring substances derived from the poppy plant.
  • Effects: Relieve pain, induce pleasurable sensations, relieve anxiety.
  • Types:
    • Natural: Morphine, codeine, and thebaine
    • Semi-synthetic: Heroin, oxymorphone, and hydromorphone
    • Synthetic: Meperidine, methadone, various morphinians and benzamorphans.
  • Mechanism of Action (in the brain): Interact with opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa) and affect reward systems (dopamine), and inhibit GABA and norepinephrine.

Misconceptions/Concerns

  • Withdrawal: Withdrawal is not always excruciating but is comparable to a mild intestinal flu.
  • Addiction: One injection doesn’t necessarily lead permanent addiction.

Psychedelics

  • Mechanism of Action: Directly impacts the brain, altering perception and mood.
  • Effects: Alterations in perception, moods, and mental states.

Marijuana (Cannabis)

  • Chemical Components: Cannabis contains various chemicals including THC (primary psychoactive component) and other cannabinoids like CBD.
  • Medicial Uses: Has some safe and effective medical applications (prevent nausea and stimulate appetite as examples.)
  • Mechanism of Action: Interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body.
  • Potential Effects: Increased heart rate, lung issues (chronic exposure leading to breathing problems), decreased testosterone, and lower birthrate in women, withdrawal isn't life-threatening but unpleasant.

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Description

This quiz explores the health hazards associated with tobacco use, including the psychoactive effects of nicotine and the presence of harmful chemicals. It discusses the dangers of both smoking and smokeless tobacco, as well as the growing concerns surrounding e-cigarettes. Assess your knowledge on the impact of tobacco on the body and related health issues.

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