Tobacco Health Risks and Chemicals
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Which of the following substances is considered a psychoactive chemical found in tobacco?

  • Alcohol
  • Methamphetamine
  • Caffeine
  • Nicotine (correct)
  • Smoking tobacco has no impact on the blood vessels.

    False

    What is the greatest avoidable cause of death related to tobacco use?

    Smoking

    E-cigarettes deliver nicotine in the form of a ______ that is inhaled.

    <p>vapor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a poisonous substance found in tobacco smoke?

    <p>Arsenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of environmental tobacco smoke with its description:

    <p>Mainstream smoke = The smoke exhaled by the smoker Sidestream smoke = The smoke rising from the ash of a cigarette Thirdhand smoke = Residual nicotine and chemicals left on surfaces Secondhand smoke = Cigarette smoke inhaled from the environment of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke can lead to dental diseases.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health effect can long-term smoking have on organs besides the lungs?

    <p>It can cause insulin resistance, especially in diabetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of xanthines in the brain?

    <p>They block adenosine receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opioids are solely synthetic substances without natural origins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of analgesic drugs?

    <p>Relief from pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caffeine may partially offset the effects of __________ but may not improve performance in well-rested individuals.

    <p>fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following opioid classifications with their examples:

    <p>Natural forms = Morphine, Codeine, Thebaine Semisynthetic = Heroin, Oxymorphone, Hydromorphone Synthetic = Meperidine, Methadone, Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a fully potent agonist?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Partial agonists completely block receptor activity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the effects of consuming xanthines on physiological functions?

    <p>Stimulates the CNS and skeletal muscles, causes sleep disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lethal dose of nicotine?

    <p>60 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nicotine increases both heart rate and blood pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one long-term respiratory effect on children exposed to nicotine.

    <p>bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The active metabolite of nicotine is called ______.

    <p>cotinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a behavioral effect of nicotine?

    <p>Increased hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Cotinine = Active metabolite of nicotine SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Asthma = Chronic respiratory condition Nicotine replacement therapy = Alternative nicotine delivery methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cotinine is more active than 3-hydroxycotinine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is classified under the indole group due to its chemical structure?

    <p>Psilocybin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological effect does nicotine have on the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity?

    <p>Decreased oxygen-carrying ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Withdrawal from opioids is always excruciating.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one psychological factor that maintains drug use.

    <p>Positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures is known as __________.

    <p>synesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match these drugs to their respective categories:

    <p>LSD = Indole Mescaline = Phantastica Ketamine = Deliriant MDMA = Catechol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of psychedelic is associated with greater mental confusion and loss of touch with reality?

    <p>Deliriants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cross tolerance exists among all opioids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major chemical structures of psychedelics?

    <p>Indole and Catechol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which xanthine is primarily found in cacao?

    <p>Theobromine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tea contains more caffeine than coffee when comparing average amounts per cup.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of caffeine metabolism?

    <p>3 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caffeinism refers to the __________ effects of caffeine on the central nervous system.

    <p>stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following xanthines with their primary sources:

    <p>Caffeine = Coffee plant Theophylline = Tea plant Theobromine = Cacao plant Xanthine = Found in most human bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most potent in stimulating the cardiovascular system?

    <p>Theophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caffeine is listed under substance use disorder in DSM-5.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What withdrawal symptoms can occur from caffeine dependence?

    <p>Fatigue and headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary receptor that THC binds to in the brain?

    <p>CB1 receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anandamide is an exogenous substance that has effects similar to marijuana.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the withdrawal symptoms that can occur after stopping THC usage?

    <p>Anxiety, irritability, disrupted sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The acute effect of smoking marijuana includes __________, which is the feeling of being high.

    <p>euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long do the effects of THC last when taken orally?

    <p>8-10 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following THC-related effects with their descriptions:

    <p>Bronchodilation = Improved airflow in the lungs Munchies = Increase in appetite Increased heart rate = Risk for cardiovascular disease Dryness of the mouth = Common physiological effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oral THC has a high potential for abuse due to its rapid onset of effects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Dronabinol primarily used for?

    <p>As an antiemetic and to stimulate appetite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tobacco

    • Psychoactive Chemical: Nicotine is a psychoactive chemical in tobacco. Safer cigarettes are a potential area of research.
    • Health Hazards: Tobacco and tobacco smoke affect nearly every body part including the mouth, brain, stomach, and reproductive system. Hundreds of chemicals damage the body, such as acetone, ammonia, and hexamine. Cigarette tar is concentrated particles creating a brown mass. Carcinogens from tobacco combined with other chemicals cause cancer. Examples of such chemicals include Benzo(a)pyrene, Nitrosamine, and Urethane. Arsenic and hydrogen cyanide are poisonous substances found in tobacco.
    • Smokeless Tobacco Concerns: Smokeless tobacco packages have warning labels. Concerns include increased risks of dental disease and oral cancer. The labels warn about the presence of potent carcinogens like nitrosamines, which cause leukoplakia.
    • E-Cigarettes: Concerns about e-cigarettes and health are discussed, including their potential impact on health .
    • Long-term Smoking Effects: Smoking tobacco has significant long-term effects on organs like the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and others. They are a leading cause of preventable death, especially for those who start young and smoke for a long time. COPD (chronic bronchitis), inflammation of the airways, and plaque buildup are among the effects. If a person is diabetic, smoking can cause insulin resistance.

    Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)

    • Types of ETS: Mainstream (smoked by the smoker), Sidestream (smoke rising from ash), and Thirdhand (residual chemicals on surfaces).
    • Effects of ETS: ETS is classified as a class A carcinogen. Secondhand smoking is exposure to cigarette smoke from the environment of others.

    Nicotine Pharmacology

    • Absorption: Inhalation is a highly effective method, absorbing around 90% of inhaled nicotine.
    • Metabolism: 80-90% of nicotine is deactivated in the liver and then excreted by the kidneys.
    • Tolerance: Nicotine use increases liver enzyme activity, contributing to tolerance; high doses can be lethal.
    • Half-life: Nicotine has a short half-life, typically between 24-84 minutes.
    • Mechanism of Action: Nicotine mimics acetylcholine, first stimulating and then blocking receptor sites. This triggers the release of dopamine and adrenaline, resulting in an indirect sympathomimetic effect.

    Quitting Smoking

    • Challenges: Quitting smoking presents various physiological and behavioral challenges.
    • Treatment (Pharmacological and Replacement): Treatments include CNS and circulatory system effects like increasing heart rate and blood pressure, decreased oxygen-carrying ability of blood (shortness of breath), and reduced hunger with increased blood sugar. Behavioral effects include both a calming and stimulant effects, Nicotine replacement therapies like gum, patches, and inhalers provide nicotine without harmful substances. Pharmacological therapies like bupropion (Zyban) are also available.

    Caffeine

    • Class of Chemicals: A psychoactive drug belonging to the xanthine class.
    • Main Sources: Caffeine, theophylline, theobromine are the main sources of xanthines.
    • Found In: A purine base found in most organisms and the human body.

    Opioids

    • Classification: Naturally occurring substances derived from the poppy plant.
    • Effects: Relieve pain, induce pleasurable sensations, relieve anxiety.
    • Types:
      • Natural: Morphine, codeine, and thebaine
      • Semi-synthetic: Heroin, oxymorphone, and hydromorphone
      • Synthetic: Meperidine, methadone, various morphinians and benzamorphans.
    • Mechanism of Action (in the brain): Interact with opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa) and affect reward systems (dopamine), and inhibit GABA and norepinephrine.

    Misconceptions/Concerns

    • Withdrawal: Withdrawal is not always excruciating but is comparable to a mild intestinal flu.
    • Addiction: One injection doesn’t necessarily lead permanent addiction.

    Psychedelics

    • Mechanism of Action: Directly impacts the brain, altering perception and mood.
    • Effects: Alterations in perception, moods, and mental states.

    Marijuana (Cannabis)

    • Chemical Components: Cannabis contains various chemicals including THC (primary psychoactive component) and other cannabinoids like CBD.
    • Medicial Uses: Has some safe and effective medical applications (prevent nausea and stimulate appetite as examples.)
    • Mechanism of Action: Interacts with cannabinoid receptors in the brain and body.
    • Potential Effects: Increased heart rate, lung issues (chronic exposure leading to breathing problems), decreased testosterone, and lower birthrate in women, withdrawal isn't life-threatening but unpleasant.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the health hazards associated with tobacco use, including the psychoactive effects of nicotine and the presence of harmful chemicals. It discusses the dangers of both smoking and smokeless tobacco, as well as the growing concerns surrounding e-cigarettes. Assess your knowledge on the impact of tobacco on the body and related health issues.

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