Toad Musculoskeletal System

Questions and Answers

What is the location of the bulging eyes in relation to the external nares in the toad's head?

The bulging eyes are located at the dorsolateral portion of the head, posterior to the external nares.

What is the function of the skeletal system in supplying calcium to the blood?

The skeletal system supplies calcium to the blood.

What is the term for the hardened bony or horny structures that develop in the skin and provide external protection to the toad?

Exoskeleton

What is the characteristic of the skeletal system of the frog/toad?

Almost entirely endoskeletal in nature and consists almost entirely of bone and cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

How many digits are present in the hindlimbs of the toad?

5 digits and a Prehallux (6th toe) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the skeletal system in providing a firm surface for the attachment of muscles?

The skeletal system provides a firm surface for the attachment of muscles used in movement and locomotion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the translucent or transparent eyelid-like structure present in the toad's eye?

Nictitating Membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the skeletal system in the formation of blood cells?

The skeletal system is an important site for the formation of blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the fusion of two bones, the tibia and fibula of most land vertebrates, in the hindlimbs of a toad?

Tibiofibula Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the olecranon process in the proximal end of the radioulna in a toad's forelimbs?

For the attachment of muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the connective tissue located on the ventral side of the lower jaw in a toad's skull anatomy?

Median raphe Signup and view all the answers

What are the five long bones of the sole in a toad's hindlimbs, to which the smaller bones of the digits are attached?

Metatarsals Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the two proximal tarsal bones in a toad's hindlimbs?

Greatly elongated, giving the hindlimb an extra segment and an extra lever arm Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that corresponds to the carpals of the wrist in a toad's hindlimbs?

Tarsals Signup and view all the answers

What are the four slender bones of the palm in a toad's forelimbs, to which the phalanges of the digits are attached?

Metacarpals Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone of the upper arm in a toad's forelimbs?

Humerus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in a frog?

To provide support for the muscles used in respiratory movements of the mouth. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the atlas vertebra in a frog?

It is specialized for articulation with the skull by means of two large facets or depressions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the traverse processes in a frog's vertebrae?

They represent fused ribs and support the attachments of the muscles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of vertebrae that make up the vertebral column of a frog?

Ten. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that supports the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box in a frog?

Cartilages. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the pectoral girdle in a frog?

To provide support for the forelimbs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure that supports the hindlimbs in a frog?

The pelvic girdle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the urostyle in a frog?

It has a conspicuous dorsal keel and a hollow canal that continues into the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic pigmentation pattern on the ventral side of the head in male and female frogs?

Males have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw, whereas females have a diffused pigmentation with no dark areas. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the aponeurosis in the skeletal system of a frog?

The aponeurosis is a broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon that attaches muscles to bones. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the axial endoskeleton surrounds the posterior part of the brain in a frog?

The exoccipital bones surround the posterior part of the brain and have a pair of prominent bones projecting from it, called the occipital condyles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the vertebral column in a frog?

The vertebral column lacks true ribs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the swollen thumb pads in male frogs?

The swollen thumb pads are used during amplexus or false copulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the belly in skeletal muscles of a frog?

The belly is the part of the muscle in between the two points of attachment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the axial and appendicular endoskeleton in a frog?

The axial endoskeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and ribs, while the appendicular endoskeleton consists of the girdles and bones of the limbs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic difference in size between sexually mature male and female frogs?

Sexually mature males are smaller than sexually mature females. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nictitating membrane in the toad's eye?

It keeps the eyes moist underwater. Signup and view all the answers

What is the tympanic membrane, and where is it located in the toad?

It is the eardrum, located posterolateral to the eye. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the epidermis layer of the toad's skin?

It is made up of stratified epithelium with a thin, hardened surface layer of dead squamous cells and a layer of living cuboidal to columnar cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parotoid gland in the toad?

It is a large aggregate of poison glands. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cloacal aperture located in the toad?

It is located at the most posterior end of the trunk, on the dorsal side. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four main parts of the forelimb of the toad?

Upper arm, forearm, wrist/carpus, and hand/manus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of melanophores in the toad's skin?

They contain black pigment and are responsible for the color of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What region of the toad's body is made up of the forelimbs and hindlimbs?

The appendicular region. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the skeletal system in the toad?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the melanophores in the toad's skin?

To produce pigment for skin color Signup and view all the answers

The exoskeleton is the skeleton of the frog/toad.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the hindlimbs of the toad?

Long, with 5 digits and a prehallux (6th toe) Signup and view all the answers

Toads have external ears.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the parotoid gland in the toad?

Poison glands Signup and view all the answers

The toad's skeletal system has several functions, including serving as support or framework for the softer parts of the body and providing a firm surface for the attachment of _______________.

muscles Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the toad's limbs:

Thigh = Upper leg Shank = Lower leg Ankle/tarsus = Wrist equivalent Foot/pes = Equivalent to the human foot Signup and view all the answers

The snout is the most anterior portion of the _______________________ of the head.

of the head Signup and view all the answers

The toad's skeletal system is entirely exoskeletal in nature.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following parts of the toad's forelimb:

Upper arm = Forearm _____________________ = _____________________ Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the cloacal aperture in the toad?

At the most posterior end of the trunk, on the dorsal side Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the skeletal system in the toad?

It serves as support or framework for the softer parts of the body, provides a firm surface for the attachment of muscles, and is an important site for the formation of blood cells. Signup and view all the answers

The epidermis is made up of simple epithelium.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the toad's forelimbs?

Consists of 4 digits and a prepollex (thumb) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the region that includes the forelimbs and hindlimbs in the toad?

Appendicular region Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that corresponds to the carpals of the wrist in a toad's hindlimbs?

Tarsals Signup and view all the answers

The mylohyoid is located on the dorsal side of the lower jaw in a toad's skull anatomy.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the extra segment and extra lever arm in the hindlimb of a toad?

The two proximal tarsal bones are greatly elongated, giving the hindlimb an extra segment and an extra lever arm. Signup and view all the answers

The four slender bones of the palm in a toad's forelimbs are attached to the ______________________ of the digits.

phalanges Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bones with their corresponding locations:

Humerus = Upper arm Femur = Thigh Radioulna = Forelimb Tibiofibula = Hindlimb Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone of the thigh in a toad's hindlimbs?

Femur Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the olecranon process in the proximal end of the radioulna in a toad's forelimbs?

The olecranon process serves for the attachment of muscles. Signup and view all the answers

The toad's skeletal muscles are only found in the hindlimbs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in a frog?

Supporting the muscles used in respiratory movements of the mouth Signup and view all the answers

The vertebral column of a frog consists of 12 vertebrae.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the first vertebra in a frog?

Atlas Signup and view all the answers

The _______________ is the endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches in a frog.

visceral skeleton Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions:

Pectoral girdle = Supports the hindlimbs Pelvic girdle = Supports the forelimbs Hyoid apparatus = Provides support for the muscles used in respiratory movements of the mouth Traverse processes = Support the attachments of the muscles Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the urostyle in a frog?

It has a conspicuous dorsal keel Signup and view all the answers

The pelvic girdle is firmly attached to the sternum or breastbone in a frog.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bone that supports the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box in a frog?

Hyoid apparatus Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the aponeurosis in the skeletal system of a frog?

To attach muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

Sexually mature male frogs are larger than sexually mature female frogs.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of the vertebral column in a frog?

It lacks true ribs Signup and view all the answers

The _______________________ skeleton consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages.

appendicular Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Axial endoskeleton = Consists of all endoskeletal structures located at the center or axis of the body Appendicular endoskeleton = Consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages Skeletal muscles = Muscles that attach to bones Tendon = A connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones Signup and view all the answers

Male frogs have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw due to concentration of pigments.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the belly in skeletal muscles of a frog?

It is the part in between the two points of attachment Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic difference in size between sexually mature male and female frogs?

Females are larger than males Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

External Anatomy of the Toad

The toad has a bulging eye with an upper and lower eyelid, and a transparent nictitating membrane that keeps the eyes moist.
It has no external ears, only a tympanic membrane (eardrum) that covers the auditory canal.
The parotoid gland, a large aggregate of poison glands, is found behind the tympanic membrane.
The cloacal aperture is located at the most posterior end of the trunk, on the dorsal side.
The skin is composed of stratified epithelium with a thin, hardened surface layer of dead squamous cells.

Skeletal System

The skeleton is almost entirely endoskeletal in nature, consisting of bone and cartilage.
The skeleton has several functions: providing support, serving as a firm surface for muscle attachment, supplying calcium to the blood, and being an important site for blood cell formation.

Axial Region

The axial region consists of the skull, vertebral column, and sternum.

Appendicular Region

The appendicular region consists of the forelimbs (anterior pair) and hindlimbs (posterior pair).
Forelimbs: short, consisting of 4 main parts - upper arm, forearm, wrist/carpus, and hand/manus.
Hindlimbs: long, consisting of femur (thigh), tibiofibula (fusion of tibia and fibula), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (long bones of the sole), and phalanges (smaller bones of the digits).

Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles and skeleton are often considered together as a functional unit that permits body movements and locomotion.
Tendons attach muscles to bones, and aponeurosis is a broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon.

Sexual Dimorphism

Sexually mature males are smaller than sexually mature females.
Males have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw, and enlarged "swollen" thumbs (used during amplexus or false copulation).
Females have diffused pigments and non-swollen thumb pads.

Endoskeleton Divisions

Axial endoskeleton: composed of skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, and ribs (lacking true ribs), and sternum.
Appendicular endoskeleton: consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages, including girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and bones of the limbs (anterior/forelimbs and posterior/hindlimbs).

External Anatomy of the Toad

The toad has a bulging eye with an upper and lower eyelid, and a transparent nictitating membrane that keeps the eyes moist.
It has no external ears, only a tympanic membrane (eardrum) that covers the auditory canal.
The parotoid gland, a large aggregate of poison glands, is found behind the tympanic membrane.
The cloacal aperture is located at the most posterior end of the trunk, on the dorsal side.
The skin is composed of stratified epithelium with a thin, hardened surface layer of dead squamous cells.

Skeletal System

The skeleton is almost entirely endoskeletal in nature, consisting of bone and cartilage.
The skeleton has several functions: providing support, serving as a firm surface for muscle attachment, supplying calcium to the blood, and being an important site for blood cell formation.

Axial Region

The axial region consists of the skull, vertebral column, and sternum.

Appendicular Region

The appendicular region consists of the forelimbs (anterior pair) and hindlimbs (posterior pair).
Forelimbs: short, consisting of 4 main parts - upper arm, forearm, wrist/carpus, and hand/manus.
Hindlimbs: long, consisting of femur (thigh), tibiofibula (fusion of tibia and fibula), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (long bones of the sole), and phalanges (smaller bones of the digits).

Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscles and skeleton are often considered together as a functional unit that permits body movements and locomotion.
Tendons attach muscles to bones, and aponeurosis is a broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon.

Sexual Dimorphism

Sexually mature males are smaller than sexually mature females.
Males have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw, and enlarged "swollen" thumbs (used during amplexus or false copulation).
Females have diffused pigments and non-swollen thumb pads.

Endoskeleton Divisions

Axial endoskeleton: composed of skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, and ribs (lacking true ribs), and sternum.
Appendicular endoskeleton: consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages, including girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and bones of the limbs (anterior/forelimbs and posterior/hindlimbs).

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Description

This quiz covers the musculoskeletal system of toads, including the nictitating membrane, eyes, and digits. Learn about the anatomy and structure of the toad's skeletal and muscular systems.