Questions and Answers
What is the location of the bulging eyes in relation to the external nares in the toad's head?
The bulging eyes are located at the dorsolateral portion of the head, posterior to the external nares.
What is the function of the skeletal system in supplying calcium to the blood?
The skeletal system supplies calcium to the blood.
What is the term for the hardened bony or horny structures that develop in the skin and provide external protection to the toad?
Exoskeleton
What is the characteristic of the skeletal system of the frog/toad?
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How many digits are present in the hindlimbs of the toad?
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What is the function of the skeletal system in providing a firm surface for the attachment of muscles?
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What is the term for the translucent or transparent eyelid-like structure present in the toad's eye?
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What is the purpose of the skeletal system in the formation of blood cells?
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What is the fusion of two bones, the tibia and fibula of most land vertebrates, in the hindlimbs of a toad?
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What is the purpose of the olecranon process in the proximal end of the radioulna in a toad's forelimbs?
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What is the name of the connective tissue located on the ventral side of the lower jaw in a toad's skull anatomy?
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What are the five long bones of the sole in a toad's hindlimbs, to which the smaller bones of the digits are attached?
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What is the characteristic feature of the two proximal tarsal bones in a toad's hindlimbs?
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What is the name of the bone that corresponds to the carpals of the wrist in a toad's hindlimbs?
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What are the four slender bones of the palm in a toad's forelimbs, to which the phalanges of the digits are attached?
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What is the name of the bone of the upper arm in a toad's forelimbs?
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What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in a frog?
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What is the significance of the atlas vertebra in a frog?
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What is the function of the traverse processes in a frog's vertebrae?
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What is the number of vertebrae that make up the vertebral column of a frog?
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What is the structure that supports the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box in a frog?
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What is the function of the pectoral girdle in a frog?
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What is the structure that supports the hindlimbs in a frog?
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What is the characteristic feature of the urostyle in a frog?
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What is the characteristic pigmentation pattern on the ventral side of the head in male and female frogs?
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What is the function of the aponeurosis in the skeletal system of a frog?
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Which part of the axial endoskeleton surrounds the posterior part of the brain in a frog?
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What is the characteristic feature of the vertebral column in a frog?
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What is the purpose of the swollen thumb pads in male frogs?
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What is the significance of the belly in skeletal muscles of a frog?
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What is the difference between the axial and appendicular endoskeleton in a frog?
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What is the characteristic difference in size between sexually mature male and female frogs?
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What is the function of the nictitating membrane in the toad's eye?
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What is the tympanic membrane, and where is it located in the toad?
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What is the composition of the epidermis layer of the toad's skin?
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What is the function of the parotoid gland in the toad?
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Where is the cloacal aperture located in the toad?
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What are the four main parts of the forelimb of the toad?
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What is the function of melanophores in the toad's skin?
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What region of the toad's body is made up of the forelimbs and hindlimbs?
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What is the main function of the skeletal system in the toad?
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What is the function of the melanophores in the toad's skin?
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The exoskeleton is the skeleton of the frog/toad.
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What is the characteristic of the hindlimbs of the toad?
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Toads have external ears.
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What is the purpose of the parotoid gland in the toad?
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The toad's skeletal system has several functions, including serving as support or framework for the softer parts of the body and providing a firm surface for the attachment of _______________.
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Match the following parts of the toad's limbs:
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The snout is the most anterior portion of the _______________________ of the head.
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The toad's skeletal system is entirely exoskeletal in nature.
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Match the following parts of the toad's forelimb:
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What is the location of the cloacal aperture in the toad?
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What is the significance of the skeletal system in the toad?
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The epidermis is made up of simple epithelium.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the toad's forelimbs?
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What is the name of the region that includes the forelimbs and hindlimbs in the toad?
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What is the name of the bone that corresponds to the carpals of the wrist in a toad's hindlimbs?
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The mylohyoid is located on the dorsal side of the lower jaw in a toad's skull anatomy.
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What is the purpose of the extra segment and extra lever arm in the hindlimb of a toad?
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The four slender bones of the palm in a toad's forelimbs are attached to the ______________________ of the digits.
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Match the following bones with their corresponding locations:
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What is the name of the bone of the thigh in a toad's hindlimbs?
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What is the purpose of the olecranon process in the proximal end of the radioulna in a toad's forelimbs?
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The toad's skeletal muscles are only found in the hindlimbs.
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What is the function of the hyoid apparatus in a frog?
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The vertebral column of a frog consists of 12 vertebrae.
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What is the name of the first vertebra in a frog?
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The _______________ is the endoskeletal structure derived from the gill arches in a frog.
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Match the following structures with their functions:
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What is the characteristic feature of the urostyle in a frog?
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The pelvic girdle is firmly attached to the sternum or breastbone in a frog.
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What is the name of the bone that supports the ventral wall of the larynx or voice box in a frog?
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What is the purpose of the aponeurosis in the skeletal system of a frog?
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Sexually mature male frogs are larger than sexually mature female frogs.
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What is the characteristic feature of the vertebral column in a frog?
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The _______________________ skeleton consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
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Male frogs have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw due to concentration of pigments.
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What is the function of the belly in skeletal muscles of a frog?
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What is the characteristic difference in size between sexually mature male and female frogs?
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Study Notes
External Anatomy of the Toad
- The toad has a bulging eye with an upper and lower eyelid, and a transparent nictitating membrane that keeps the eyes moist.
- It has no external ears, only a tympanic membrane (eardrum) that covers the auditory canal.
- The parotoid gland, a large aggregate of poison glands, is found behind the tympanic membrane.
- The cloacal aperture is located at the most posterior end of the trunk, on the dorsal side.
- The skin is composed of stratified epithelium with a thin, hardened surface layer of dead squamous cells.
Skeletal System
- The skeleton is almost entirely endoskeletal in nature, consisting of bone and cartilage.
- The skeleton has several functions: providing support, serving as a firm surface for muscle attachment, supplying calcium to the blood, and being an important site for blood cell formation.
Axial Region
- The axial region consists of the skull, vertebral column, and sternum.
Appendicular Region
- The appendicular region consists of the forelimbs (anterior pair) and hindlimbs (posterior pair).
- Forelimbs: short, consisting of 4 main parts - upper arm, forearm, wrist/carpus, and hand/manus.
- Hindlimbs: long, consisting of femur (thigh), tibiofibula (fusion of tibia and fibula), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (long bones of the sole), and phalanges (smaller bones of the digits).
Skeletal Muscles
- Skeletal muscles and skeleton are often considered together as a functional unit that permits body movements and locomotion.
- Tendons attach muscles to bones, and aponeurosis is a broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon.
Sexual Dimorphism
- Sexually mature males are smaller than sexually mature females.
- Males have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw, and enlarged "swollen" thumbs (used during amplexus or false copulation).
- Females have diffused pigments and non-swollen thumb pads.
Endoskeleton Divisions
- Axial endoskeleton: composed of skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, and ribs (lacking true ribs), and sternum.
- Appendicular endoskeleton: consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages, including girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and bones of the limbs (anterior/forelimbs and posterior/hindlimbs).
External Anatomy of the Toad
- The toad has a bulging eye with an upper and lower eyelid, and a transparent nictitating membrane that keeps the eyes moist.
- It has no external ears, only a tympanic membrane (eardrum) that covers the auditory canal.
- The parotoid gland, a large aggregate of poison glands, is found behind the tympanic membrane.
- The cloacal aperture is located at the most posterior end of the trunk, on the dorsal side.
- The skin is composed of stratified epithelium with a thin, hardened surface layer of dead squamous cells.
Skeletal System
- The skeleton is almost entirely endoskeletal in nature, consisting of bone and cartilage.
- The skeleton has several functions: providing support, serving as a firm surface for muscle attachment, supplying calcium to the blood, and being an important site for blood cell formation.
Axial Region
- The axial region consists of the skull, vertebral column, and sternum.
Appendicular Region
- The appendicular region consists of the forelimbs (anterior pair) and hindlimbs (posterior pair).
- Forelimbs: short, consisting of 4 main parts - upper arm, forearm, wrist/carpus, and hand/manus.
- Hindlimbs: long, consisting of femur (thigh), tibiofibula (fusion of tibia and fibula), tarsals (ankle bones), metatarsals (long bones of the sole), and phalanges (smaller bones of the digits).
Skeletal Muscles
- Skeletal muscles and skeleton are often considered together as a functional unit that permits body movements and locomotion.
- Tendons attach muscles to bones, and aponeurosis is a broad, flat, and sheet-like tendon.
Sexual Dimorphism
- Sexually mature males are smaller than sexually mature females.
- Males have a distinct dark pigmentation near the angles of the jaw, and enlarged "swollen" thumbs (used during amplexus or false copulation).
- Females have diffused pigments and non-swollen thumb pads.
Endoskeleton Divisions
- Axial endoskeleton: composed of skull, visceral skeleton, vertebral column, and ribs (lacking true ribs), and sternum.
- Appendicular endoskeleton: consists of all endoskeletal structures located laterally or in the region of the extremities or appendages, including girdles (pectoral and pelvic) and bones of the limbs (anterior/forelimbs and posterior/hindlimbs).
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Description
This quiz covers the musculoskeletal system of toads, including the nictitating membrane, eyes, and digits. Learn about the anatomy and structure of the toad's skeletal and muscular systems.