Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does the Musculotaneous Vein primarily drain?
What does the Musculotaneous Vein primarily drain?
The Portal Systems in the Toad consist of one system: the Hepatic Portal System.
The Portal Systems in the Toad consist of one system: the Hepatic Portal System.
False
What is the function of the Renal Portal Vein?
What is the function of the Renal Portal Vein?
Drains the femoral vein and the sciatic vein.
The __________ vein drains the stomach.
The __________ vein drains the stomach.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following veins to their functions:
Match the following veins to their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the ostia in the circulatory system described?
What is the primary function of the ostia in the circulatory system described?
Signup and view all the answers
The dorsal diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the chest cavity.
The dorsal diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the chest cavity.
Signup and view all the answers
What role does hemolymph play in the described circulatory system?
What role does hemolymph play in the described circulatory system?
Signup and view all the answers
The aorta is described as a simple tube that continues forward to the ____ and empties near the brain.
The aorta is described as a simple tube that continues forward to the ____ and empties near the brain.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following components of the circulatory system to their functions:
Match the following components of the circulatory system to their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the gizzard in the toad's digestive system?
What is the role of the gizzard in the toad's digestive system?
Signup and view all the answers
The cloaca in a toad serves as an exit for feces, urine, and gametes.
The cloaca in a toad serves as an exit for feces, urine, and gametes.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the names of the two types of teeth found in the buccal cavity of a toad?
What are the names of the two types of teeth found in the buccal cavity of a toad?
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ connects the stomach to the hindgut in a toad.
The _____ connects the stomach to the hindgut in a toad.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures marks the posterior end of the midgut?
Which of the following structures marks the posterior end of the midgut?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following digestive structures of the toad with their functions:
Match the following digestive structures of the toad with their functions:
Signup and view all the answers
The midgut and hindgut are distinct sections of the toad's digestive system.
The midgut and hindgut are distinct sections of the toad's digestive system.
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ cavity contains the heart of the toad.
The _____ cavity contains the heart of the toad.
Signup and view all the answers
What primarily consists the Outer White Matter of the spinal cord?
What primarily consists the Outer White Matter of the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
The Dorsal Cornua contains efferent nerves.
The Dorsal Cornua contains efferent nerves.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the small cavity at the middle of the spinal cord section called?
What is the small cavity at the middle of the spinal cord section called?
Signup and view all the answers
The _____ Fissure is wider and found adjacent to the ventral spinal artery.
The _____ Fissure is wider and found adjacent to the ventral spinal artery.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following structures of the spinal cord with their descriptions:
Match the following structures of the spinal cord with their descriptions:
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the Pulmocutaneous Artery?
What is the primary function of the Pulmocutaneous Artery?
Signup and view all the answers
The Subclavian Artery continues as the femoral artery in the forelimb.
The Subclavian Artery continues as the femoral artery in the forelimb.
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Coeliac Artery branch into?
What does the Coeliac Artery branch into?
Signup and view all the answers
The dorsal aorta ends by splitting into the left and right __________ arteries.
The dorsal aorta ends by splitting into the left and right __________ arteries.
Signup and view all the answers
Which arteries branch off from the dorsal aorta?
Which arteries branch off from the dorsal aorta?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the arteries with their respective functions:
Match the arteries with their respective functions:
Signup and view all the answers
The systemic arch sends smaller arteries to the mouth and muscles of the jaw.
The systemic arch sends smaller arteries to the mouth and muscles of the jaw.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first branch out of the dorsal aorta?
What is the first branch out of the dorsal aorta?
Signup and view all the answers
Which excretory organ is present in mollusks?
Which excretory organ is present in mollusks?
Signup and view all the answers
Ammonia is excreted by terrestrial arthropods through Malpighian Tubules.
Ammonia is excreted by terrestrial arthropods through Malpighian Tubules.
Signup and view all the answers
What nitrogenous waste is primarily excreted by reptiles?
What nitrogenous waste is primarily excreted by reptiles?
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ gland in crustaceans is responsible for the excretion of ammonia.
The ______ gland in crustaceans is responsible for the excretion of ammonia.
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following animal groups with their excretory organs:
Match the following animal groups with their excretory organs:
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following animals primarily excretes urea?
Which of the following animals primarily excretes urea?
Signup and view all the answers
The kidneys of toads are located in the retroperitoneal space.
The kidneys of toads are located in the retroperitoneal space.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of waste do flatworms primarily excrete?
What type of waste do flatworms primarily excrete?
Signup and view all the answers
The ______ is the primary filtration site of blood in the kidneys of the toad.
The ______ is the primary filtration site of blood in the kidneys of the toad.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is excreted by arachnids?
Which of the following nitrogenous wastes is excreted by arachnids?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Post-Lab Discussion for Experiments 17-21
- The digestive system mechanically and chemically breaks down food into simpler molecules for absorption by body cells. Fecal waste consists of indigestible food components.
- Two types of digestive systems exist: incomplete and complete.
- The incomplete digestive system, seen in flukes, is characterized by a blind-ended digestive tract. Undigested material exits through the mouth.
- Round Oral Sucker is at the anterior end.
- Pharynx follows the mouth.
- Short esophagus.
- Intestines branch, not opening to any other orifice.
- The complete digestive system, seen in cockroaches, has an additional opening (anus or cloaca) for undigested waste.
- Cockroaches have a 3-part digestive tract: foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
- The foregut includes the crop, esophagus, and gizzard. The crop is the most prominent part of the foregut, being wide, and the esophagus tapers to the crop. The pharynx leads to the esophagus. The gizzard is a posterior chamber of the foregut.
- The midgut includes several gastric ceca, which are tubular protrusions.
- The hindgut includes Malpighian tubules, ileum, colon, and rectum, ending in the anus. The ileum is a thin, anterior portion of the hindgut; the colon is the long part of the hindgut, and the rectum ends at the anus.
- The toad digestive tract includes the esophagus, crop, pharynx, gizzard, gastric ceca, midgut, Malpighian tubules, ileum, colon, rectum and anus.
- The toad has a cloaca that serves as an exit for feces, urine, and gametes. The digestive tract is where ingested food passes through. Digestive glands secrete digestive enzymes into the tract via ducts.
- The toad has a buccal cavity. The tongue is connected to the floor of the mouth to capture prey. Maxillary teeth are on the maxillary arch; paired choanae (internal nostrils) help capture prey. Vomerine teeth are located behind the internal nares. The esophagus creates a dorsal opening. The glottis is a ventral slit-like opening with cartilage.
- The toad body cavity includes the coelom, pleuro-peritoneal cavity, pericardial cavity, peritoneum (parietal and visceral), mesenteries, and omentum.
- The toad digestive tract includes the esophagus, crop, pharynx, gizzard, gastric ceca, midgut, ileum, colon, and rectum.
- The small intestine is coiled and tubular, completing the chemical digestion and absorption process. The anterior duodenum runs parallel to the stomach, and posterior ileum is longer. There is a mesentery that suspends the small intestine (Proper or mesenterium).
- The large intestine is a sac-like organ that includes the mesorectum, spleen, and cloacal opening. The spleen is a dark-colored, oval organ suspended on a mesentery, part of the lymphatic system. The cloacal opening leads to the large intestine via the cloaca.
- Digestive glands, such as the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas, are also part of the digestive system. The liver is a large, dark colored organ. It has right and left lobes. The left lobe is further divisible into anterior and posterior lobes. The gall bladder is a round sac-like organ, and the pancreas is an elongated secretory organ located near the duodenum.
- The microscopic anatomy of the small intestine shows the lumen (center of the section); the location for food passage. The small intestine also has the Valvles of Kerckring that are permanent circular folds lining the surface.
- The microscopic anatomy of the small intestine layers includes the serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.
- The stomach's mucosa is the innermost layer, with two layers: columnar epithelial layer and lamina propria. The muscularis mucosa is immediately outside the lamina propria, made of stratum circulare and longitudinale. The submucosa is composed of light-colored loose connective tissue, similar to the small intestine. The muscularis has circular smooth muscle cells, and the subserosa has connective tissue, blood vessels, and longitudinal smooth muscle strands.
- The liver, the largest dark colored organ, is composed of lobes, with the right and left lobes being the most prominent. The gallbladder is a sac-like organ suspended between the liver's lobes. The pancreas is an elongated secretory organ located near the duodenum and stomach.
- Microscopic anatomy of the small intestine layers includes serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The liver has polygonal lobules with a large central vein in the middle. The liver lobules contain dark pigment granules. Individual hepatocytes are in irregular clusters. Sinusoids are spaces between cell clusters. Bile ducts are greenish-gray tinted to contain bile.
- The respiratory system is involved in gas exchange (O2 influx and CO2 efflux). This is done through organs such as lungs, tracheal systems, gills, or even the integument. High surface area, high permeability, contact with oxygen-rich medium, and exposure to blood circulation or tissues are necessary for gas exchange.
- A human head louse has spiracles, openings to the respiratory system seen on the sides of the animal. The spiracles open into tracheae, and tracheal trunks run longitudinally near the animal's sides. Tracheoles are the finest tubes that terminate in tissues. Air sacs store oxygen.
- The fish gill system has an operculum protecting the gills enclosed in the gill chamber. Gill filaments have capillaries, essential for gas exchange. Gill rakers are pointed and short, guarding against debris. Pharyngeal clefts are spaces between the arches. Water flows over the gill filaments which exchange gases with the blood.
- The toad lung system uses positive pressure breathing. External nares are openings on the snout, leading to choanae (internal nares). Air enters the buccal cavity. The eustachian tube openings are on the jaw angles. Vocal sacs (in males). The glottis is a slit, opening to the larynx (voice box). Vocal cords.
- The circulatory system includes the transport of gases, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body. Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system, where blood is transported in vessels, like arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, and capillaries. Blood is pumped through the heart, distributing substances throughout the body. Arthropods and most mollusks have open circulatory systems, where hemolymph moves freely in the body cavity.
- The toad heart has a bulbous structure within the pericardial cavity. The visceral pericardium covers the heart and lines the cavity. Parietal pericardium is the lining of the cavity. The heart has a sinus venosus, conus arteriosus, and three chambers: two atria and a large ventricle. The two atria are thin-walled and situated anterior and lateral to the ventricle. The conus arteriosus connects the atria and ventricle. The sinus venosus receives deoxygenated blood from the body and empties into the right atrium. The atria pump blood into the ventricle, and the ventricle pumps blood through the conus arteriosus.
- The toad venous system includes veins that are slightly thin-walled, and dark structures. Blood vessels include systemic veins, portal veins, and pulmonary veins. Tributaries include precaval and/or internal/external jugular veins, subclavian, brachial, musculotaneous, hepatic veins, renal veins, ventral abdominal, and pelvic veins. The renal portal system includes renal portal veins, femoral, and sciatic veins.
- The toad arterial system has vessels; these include the truncus arteriosus, which is the most anterior branch. The other major arterial branches are the common carotid, which leads to external and internal carotid arteries; the systemic arch, which leads to other main arteries; the pulmocutaneous arteries, which have pulmonary and cutaneous branches; the coeliacomesenteric artery leads to the coeliac, hepatic, and pancreatic branches; and renal. The posterior mesenteric artery delivers blood to the large intestine.
- The outer cortex of the kidney contains renal corpuscles and proximal/distal tubules. The inner medulla has the loop of Henle and collecting tubules, terminating in renal papillae. Collecting tubules converge at renal pelvis, which becomes the ureter, traveling to the urinary bladder to the cloaca and eventually the outside.
- The mammalian kidney has the glomerulus in the cortex and proximal and distal tubules in the cortex and medulla. Descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle exist in the medulla. Collecting tubules lead to the renal pelvis. The ureter brings urine to the bladder, and then the urethra expels urine to the exterior.
- The nervous system has a central and peripheral nervous system. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. The PNS includes somatic and autonomic nervous systems, including nerves that carry signals from the sensory receptors to the CNS, and signals from the CNS to the muscles and glands. The brain has many parts, such as the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon and myelencephalon. Ventricles are cavities in the brain; the largest are the lateral ventricles, positioned within the cerebral hemispheres, and converging posteriorly to the foramen of Monro.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy and circulatory functions in toads with this engaging quiz. You'll explore topics such as veins, organs, and unique systems like the hepatic portal system. Discover how different components work together for the toad's survival.
