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Unit 1: Organismal Biology

• This unit will cover animal and plant processes
• Learn comparison of reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange
• Learn transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control
• Learn immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms
• Learn how organisms maintain steady internal conditions with various structures and processes
• Describe homeostasis examples like temperature regulation, osmotic balance, and glucose levels
• Learn feedback loop features that produce homeostasis

Topic 1: Animal Organ Systems & Their Functions

• Different structures enable different types of organisms to function in particular ways
• All organisms have structures that allow it to survive and reproduce
• Single-celled organisms perform all life functions within one cell
• Multicellular organisms have many cells that work together to carry out life functions
• All living things are systems made of related parts, working to help them function
• Multicellular organisms are ordered in levels from simple to complex
• The cell is the simplest level and cells in multicellular organisms are specialized, or differentiated, to perform certain jobs
• Differentiated cells can look very different from one another, for instance, animal red blood cells, animal nerve cells and plant support cells
• A group of differentiated cells forms a tissue, which is a group of similar cells that work together to do a particular job
• For example, animals have muscle tissues made up of muscle cells (in animals such as humans, muscle cells in some muscle tissues work together to move bones)
• Different types of tissues can form an organ (the stomach is an organ that digests food and is made up of different tissues)
• Muscle tissues in the stomach helps move food through the organ
• Epithelial tissue in the inner lining of the stomach secrets fluids that aid in digestion
• Organs form organ systems (the human digestive system includes the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and pancreas)
• These organs work together to breakdown food into small molecules

Body Systems

• Musculo-skeletal: Supports and moves the body; made up of muscles and bones
• Digestive: Digests and absorbs feed; made up of stomach, liver, intestine and pancrease
• Circulatory: Carries substances around the body; made up of heart and blood vessels
• Respiratory: Transports oxygen; made up of muzzle, windpipe, lungs
• Urinary: Removes poisons and waste (urine); made up of kidneys, bladder, ureter, urethra
• Nervous: Passes messages around and controls the body; made up of brain, nerves, spinal cord
• Sensory: Senses and detect things outside the body; eyes, ears, nose, and skin
• Reproductive: Produces and feeds young; testes, penis ovaries, uterus, vagina, vulva, udder
• Lympho-reticular: Protects against infectious diseases, produces blood (lymph nodes and spleen)
• Integumentary: Provides physical barrier for internal and external environment
• Endocrine: Makes hormones (pituitary, hypothalamus)

Musculo-Skeletal System

• Consists of bones and muscles; the bones form the skeleton, which is the framework within the body. It carries weight and supports the body
• Bones are connected together so they can move (places where this happens are called joints)
• Bones are held together at joints by strands (ligaments)
• Between the bones is a softer cushioning material called cartilage (gristle) which cushions the bones when the body moves
• Bones bones are very hard because they contain minerals
• Examples of bones include: scapula (shoulder blade) and a skull (head).
• Adult human body contains about 206 bones
• Babies have about 300 bones at birth
• Muscles are joined at both ends to the bones (when they contract (shorten) or relax (lengthen) they make the bones move)

Digestive System

• Organs include the teeth, mouth, gullet (esophagus), stomach, liver, intestine, pancreas and rectum
• Digestion begins in the mouth where feed is broken down into small pieces by the teeth and mixed with saliva before being swallowed ("Bolus”)
• In the stomach, food is mixed with juices to form a soft paste ("Chyme") which passes into the intestine where bile from the liver and juices from the pancreas are added.
• Juices break down feed, allowing nourishment to be absorbed by blood in the intestine walls
• Waste matter collects in the rectum and passes out of the body through the anus (or cloaca in birds)
• Gastric juices are digestive enzymes that break down food (HCL, pepsin, lipase and mucin)

Digestion Types

• Mechanical digestion is physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles
• This makes it more efficient to undergo chemical digestion
• Chemical digestion is the breaking down the molecular structure of ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into an absorbable form

Circulatory System

• Organs consist of the heart and blood vessels which transports blood
• The heart is found in the chest cavity; it sends blood around the body
• Blood vessels carry blood away from the heart are arteries
• Blood returning to the heart are veins
• Joining the arteries and veins is a fine network of small tubes called capillaries that pass through every part of the body
• When the heart beats its muscles contract and sends blood out through the arteries (when the heart relaxes blood flows into it from the veins)
• Every time the heart beats it sends a pulse along the arteries (pulse can be felt on the wrist)

Types of Circulation

• Pulmonary circulation is when blood moves between the heart and lungs (to transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is expelled, and oxygenated blood flows back to the heart)
• Systemic circulation is when blood moves between the heart and the rest of the body, sending oxygenated blood out to cells (then deoxyginated cells return the blood to the heart)

Respiratory System

• Respiration (breathing) consists of inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out)