Respirology BMS 250 Fill in the Blank

Compression atelectasis happens when there is external pressure on the ______, preventing it from expanding fully.

The pleura is a thin, double-layered membrane that surrounds the ______ and lines the chest cavity.

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called the ______ cavity.

The outer layer of the pleura lines the inner surface of the chest wall, diaphragm, and ______.

The pleura provides a protective barrier around the lungs, shielding them from friction and damage against the chest wall and other surrounding ______.

Atelectasis is a medical condition characterized by the collapse or incomplete expansion of a part or all of the ______

Major types of atelectasis include collapse of previously healthy lungs, obstruction of an ______

Compression atelectasis occurs when there is compression from something outside of the ______

Contraction atelectasis is caused by fibrosis or scarring in the ______ or pleura

Proper expansion of the affected area is prevented in contraction atelectasis due to scarring or fibrosis within the ______ tissue

Failure of neonatal lungs to expand, usually due to inadequate production of surfactant, could be considered a type of ______ atelectasis

Contraction atelectasis can be the underlying cause for restrictive pulmonary ______

Resorption Atelectasis occurs when the airway leading to a portion of the lung is ______, preventing air from reaching the alveoli

Obstruction by aspiration of a foreign body blocking a conducting airway is a major cause of ______ atelectasis

Dependent (lower) airways have poorer ventilation, and are much more likely to ______

The primary function of the mesothelium is to provide a smooth, protective surface that allows organs to move against one another with minimal ________.

Normal intrapleural pressure is around -10 cm water at the lung bases caused by elastic recoil, surface tension, and constant suction of ________ drainage.

Pleural effusions can be classified into two major types – transudative and ________.

Exudative pleural effusions are rich in protein and often cells and have a wider range of ________.

Causes of exudative pleural effusions include malignant diseases like mesothelioma, lung cancer, or metastases from a distant site, as well as infectious diseases, vascular issues like pulmonary emboli, and ________.

Parapneumonic effusion is an accumulation of fluid in the ______ space.

During the exudative phase of parapneumonic effusion, the fluid is rich in ______.

The fibrinopurulent stage of parapneumonic effusion involves bacterial invasion of the pleural space accompanied by increased ______.

Left pleural effusion developed 4 days after antibiotic treatment for pneumococcal pneumonia, indicating a complication known as ______ effusion.

Compression atelectasis occurs when there is external pressure on the lung, preventing it from fully ______.

The serine protease TMPRSS2 promotes viral uptake by cleaving ACE2 and activating the SARSCoV-2 S-protein ▪ During early infection, viral copy numbers can be high in the lower respiratory tract. Early lung inflammation is characterized by the release of inflammatory signaling molecules from infected cells and alveolar macrophages, as well as recruited T lymphocytes, monocytes, and ______.

Late lung inflammation occurs as disease progresses, where plasma and tissue kallikreins release kinins that activate kinin receptors on the lung endothelium, leading to vascular smooth muscle relaxation and increased vascular permeability. This process is controlled by the ACE2 receptor. Without ACE2 blocking the ligands of kinin receptor B1, the lungs are prone to vascular leakage, angioedema, and downstream activation of ______.

Late lung inflammation is further aggravated by dysregulated proinflammatory cytokine (TNF, IL-1, IL-6) and NO release and signaling, contributing to these processes. As a consequence, pulmonary edema fills the alveolar spaces, followed by hyaline membrane formation, compatible with early-phase acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anomalous coagulation frequently results in the formation of microthrombi and subsequent ______.

How is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involved in the progression of lung inflammation and vascular permeability? The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance by controlling the vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and water balance in the body. In the context of lung inflammation, the ACE2 receptor is key in modulating the balance between angiotensin II and angiotensin 1-7, impacting vascular tone and ______.

The progression of late lung inflammation is characterized by the release of inflammatory signaling molecules and the activation of kinin receptors, leading to vascular leakage and increased vascular permeability. However, the presence of ACE2 can block the ligands of kinin receptor B1, preventing excessive activation of ______ and maintaining vascular integrity.

Pleural fluid within the pleural cavity acts as a ______, allowing smooth movement of the lungs during breathing.

The pleura helps maintain the shape and structure of the lungs, aiding in their expansion and ______ during respiration.

Disorders affecting the pleura can include pleurisy (inflammation of the pleura), pleural effusion (accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural cavity), ______ (presence of air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse), and pleural thickening (abnormal thickening and scarring of the pleural membranes).

Pleural fluid is a clear, watery fluid that fills the space between the two layers of the pleura – the visceral and ______ pleura.

Normally, only a small amount of pleural fluid is present in the pleural cavity, serving to lubricate the pleural surfaces and facilitate smooth movement of the lungs during ______.

Various medical conditions can disrupt the balance of pleural fluid production and absorption, leading to an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity. This excess fluid accumulation is referred to as pleural ______.

The mesothelium is a specialized type of epithelial tissue that lines the body cavities and covers the organs within these cavities. It consists of a single layer of flattened to cuboidal cells known as ______ cells.

Pleural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of ______ in the pleural cavity.

Pleural thickening is characterized by abnormal ______ and scarring of the pleural membranes.

The pleura provides a protective barrier around the lungs, shielding them from friction and damage against the chest wall and other surrounding ______.