تقييم وتعليم عام 2023

Educational Evaluation and Measurement

• Educational Evaluation and Measurement is a subject.
• The course is for fourth-year students.
• The instructor is Dr. Star Jabbar Haji.
• The course is part of the Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Education.
• The course is held at Zakho University.

Introduction to Evaluation

• Evaluation's history shows humans evaluating from the early days, using comparisons to other humans and animals, and later, developing more sophisticated methods
• This evolution led to the development of assessment tools for measuring learning in various fields.
• The development of educational psychology and assessment tools in the 1870s and later years significantly impacted the progress of effective education.
• Evaluation and measurement are vital in education, enabling teachers and students to understand their strengths and weaknesses, ultimately enhancing the learning process for all parties involved.

Definition of Key Concepts

• Measurement (پیڤان): The process of assigning numerical values to characteristics based on established criteria; it involves comparing an item or event to an established norm.
• Evaluation (هه لسه نگاندن): The process of judging an item or person, determining strengths, weaknesses, and suggesting improvements for optimal performance. It hinges on understanding and analyzing relevant data regarding the item or person being evaluated. It combines measurement findings and decision-making.

Relationship Between Measurement and Evaluation

• Measurement is a foundation for evaluation.
• Evaluation is more comprehensive than measurement, involving assessment through various tools or approaches, not just a singular measurement.
• Measurement provides the data used in the decision-making part of the evaluation process.

Types of Tasks

• Measurement: Direct measurement of characteristics through well-defined methods (e.g., measuring length with a ruler, weight with a scale).
• Indirect Measurement: Inferring characteristics through observable behaviors (e.g., measuring learning through tests, observations, and performance evaluations).

Types of Evaluation

• Pre-Evaluation: Assessment conducted before an educational program or intervention begins to gauge initial knowledge and understanding.
• Formative Evaluation: Regular assessments during a course or program to monitor progress and identify areas for improvement. Formative assessments often use feedback and ongoing adjustments.
• Summative Evaluation: Assessment of overall program impact and student outcomes at the end of the program. Summative evaluation provides a comprehensive picture of student mastery.
• Follow-Up Evaluation: An evaluation performed after a program to check its effectiveness in the long term and determine how learning continues or is retained.

Different Types of Tests

• Norm-Referenced Tests: Compare student performance to a standard group of similar peers.
• Criterion-Referenced Tests: Measure student performance against a pre-defined performance standard.

Errors in Measurement and Assessment

• Sampling errors: A sample used to gauge a larger population which is not truly representative of the larger population.
• Systematic errors: Biased mistakes that consistently impact outcomes (e.g., using biased questions skewed toward a particular viewpoint).
• Random errors: Erratic mistakes that happen by chance.
• Halo effect: Assessment of one quality influences the evaluation of other characteristics.

Types of Measurement Scales

• Nominal: Categorization of items without a clear quantitative order (e.g., male/female).
• Ordinal: Items are ranked based on order (e.g., 1st prize, 2nd prize...).
• Interval: Numerical values with equal intervals, but no true zero point.
• Ratio: Numerical values with equal intervals and a true zero point (e.g., weight in kilograms).

Evaluation and Assessment Tools

• Tests (Exam): A structured set of questions to assess student knowledge or skills; a key tool in evaluation.
• Written tests (Written): Assessments conducted through writing, offering space for showing deep understanding and application.
• Oral tests (Oral): assessments using spoken or verbal interaction.
• Performance-based assessments: Tasks requiring demonstration of specific skills or abilities and complex skills.

Types of Tests for Measurement and Evaluation

• True/False questions: Questions requiring a binary response (true or false).
• Multiple-choice questions: Questions with a predetermined set of choices, requiring selection of the correct answer from a list.
• Completion questions: Questions requiring filling in the missing word or phrase.
• Matching questions: Questions requiring linking items from two columns.
• Essay questions: Questions requiring a detailed written response to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding.
• Performance-based tasks: Tasks that require skills demonstrations (e.g., simulations, practical exercises, and case studies).

Importance of Evaluation and Assessment

• Guidance for students: Evaluation highlights strengths and weaknesses in learning, helping adjust study methods.
• Support for teachers: Helps modify teaching strategies and adapt to student needs.
• Overall quality control: Assessments help evaluate program effectiveness and whether it's meeting objectives.