Questions and Answers
Which scientist is responsible for the demonstration that microbes can cause disease, specifically anthrax?
What concept was introduced in 1885 concerning treatment for rabies?
Who identified Streptococcus pyogenes as the causative agent of erysipelas in 1882?
What was the main focus of research from 1883 to 1905 regarding immunity?
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Who demonstrated antibacterials and introduced the concept of opsonization?
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Which scientist contributed to the development of the antibody formation theory in 1900?
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In which year was the Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, established?
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Who were the scientists credited with the identification of blood groups in 1901?
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What significant immunity concept was proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1909?
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Who demonstrated cutaneous allergic reactions in 1921?
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Who demonstrated the first successful smallpox vaccination?
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What significant concept was first experimentally demonstrated by Agostino Bassi?
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What was the main contribution of Louis Pasteur between 1857 and 1870?
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What discovery was reported by Vautier in 1813?
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Which of the following practices was introduced by Joseph Lister?
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What role did Theodore Schwann describe in 1837?
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What commonality is found in the cases reported by Dupuytren and Lambergen?
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What was the significance of the findings by Busch in 1868?
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Study Notes
Timeline of Immunology
- 1550 BCE: Ebers papyrus recommends poultice treatment for tumors, inducing infection leads to tumor regression.
- 1549: First recorded account of smallpox inoculation (variolation) in Wan Quan's work.
- 1718: Smallpox inoculation introduced to the West from the Ottoman Empire; documented positive effects by Henry Kipkosgei.
- 1761: Lambergen reports a case where a breast cancer patient is cured after infection.
- 1796: Edward Jenner demonstrates the first smallpox vaccination.
- 1808-1813: Agostino Bassi conducts initial experiments supporting germ theory, formal proposal in 1844.
- 1813: Vautier documents spontaneous cancer remission following gangrene infection.
- 1829: Dupuytren reports remission of breast cancer after tumor infection and febrile response.
- 1837: Theodore Schwann describes microbial roles in putrefaction and fermentation.
- 1838: Charles Cagniard-Latour confirms yeast's role in converting sugar to alcohol.
- 1850: Ignaz Semmelweis proves puerperal fever's contagious nature.
- 1857-1870: Louis Pasteur provides confirmation of microbial roles in fermentation.
- 1862: Ernst Haeckel describes phagocytosis, a key immune process.
- 1867: Joseph Lister pioneers aseptic surgical practices using carbolic acid.
- 1868: Busch notes tumor regression in a sarcoma patient following erysipelas infection and initiates inoculations.
- 1876: Robert Koch demonstrates that microbes cause anthrax disease.
- 1877: Paul Ehrlich discovers mast cells, crucial for allergic reactions.
- 1878: Louis Pasteur popularizes the germ theory of disease.
- 1880-1881: Pasteur theorizes bacterial virulence can be attenuated for vaccines, leading to chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines.
- 1882: Friedrich Fehleisen identifies Streptococcus pyogenes as the cause of erysipelas, supporting cancer treatment by inoculation.
- 1883-1905: Elie Metchnikoff develops the cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis.
- 1885: Louis Pasteur and Pierre Roux introduce the concept of "therapeutic vaccination" with rabies vaccine.
- 1888: Identification of diphtheria bacillus toxins by Pierre Roux and Alexandre Yersin.
- 1888: George Nuttall documents the bactericidal action of blood.
- 1890: Emil von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburō demonstrate antibody activity against diphtheria and tetanus toxins; begin humoral immunity theory.
- 1891: Robert Koch demonstrates delayed-type hypersensitivity.
- 1893: William B. Coley uses live bacteria for tumor treatment ("Coley's Toxins").
- 1894: Richard Pfeiffer introduces the concept of bacteriolysis.
- 1896: Jules Bordet describes heat-labile serum component, complement.
- 1900: Paul Ehrlich proposes antibody formation theory.
- 1901: Karl Landsteiner discovers blood groups.
- 1902: Paul Portier and Charles Richet identify immediate hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis).
- 1903: Maurice Arthus describes intermediate hypersensitivity (Arthus reaction).
- 1903: Discovery of opsonization, enhancing phagocytosis.
- 1905: Identification of "serum sickness" allergy by Clemens von Pirquet and Bela Schick.
- 1909: Paul Ehrlich proposes the "immune surveillance" hypothesis for tumor recognition.
- 1911: Peyton Rous demonstrates a filterable agent causing tumors.
- 1917: Karl Landsteiner identifies haptens, small molecules that induce an immune response.
- 1921: Otto Prausnitz and Heinz Küstner document cutaneous allergic reactions.
- 1924: Concept of the reticuloendothelial system introduced.
- 1938: John Marrack proposes antigen-antibody binding hypothesis.
- 1940: Karl Landsteiner and Alexander Weiner identify Rh antigens.
- 1942: Karl Landsteiner and Merrill Chase investigate anaphylaxis.
- 1942: Adjuvants, substances enhancing immune response, identified by Jules Freund and Katherine McDermott.
- 1944: Hypothesis for allograft rejection introduced.
- 1945: Coombs test (antiglobulin test) established for identifying antibodies.
- 1946: Mouse MHC (H2) identified by George Snell and Peter A. Gorer.
- 1948: Astrid Fagraeus shows antibody production occurs in plasma B cells.
- 1949: John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins demonstrate polio virus growth in tissue culture and neurovirulence attenuation.
- 1951: Development of a vaccine against yellow fever.
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Description
Explore the significant milestones in the history of immunology from ancient practices to modern advancements. This quiz covers key events such as the early indications of smallpox inoculation and the development of variolation. Test your knowledge of how immunological practices have evolved over the centuries.
