Tillage Objectives and Methods
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies a 'tillage objective'?

  • Achieving improved soil aeration for better crop growth. (correct)
  • Operating a chisel plow at a depth of 400 mm.
  • Using a disc plow to cut and invert the soil.
  • Selecting a subsoiler based on its low operating cost.

A farmer wants to prepare an entire field for planting. Which tillage method should they employ?

  • Oriented tillage
  • Broadcast tillage (correct)
  • Partial tillage
  • Strip tillage

A construction company is hired to level a plot of land for a new building. Which tillage operation is MOST applicable?

  • Land planing
  • Land grading (correct)
  • Rotary tillage
  • Soil cultivation

A farmer observes that after heavy rainfall, water tends to pool in certain areas of their field. What tillage operation could they use to reshape the land and improve drainage?

<p>Land forming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tillage operations is characterized by its use of power-driven rotary action to cut and mix the soil?

<p>Rotary tillage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer wishes to conserve soil moisture and aerate the soil around existing crops. Which tillage method is most suitable?

<p>Soil cultivation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer is implementing a system where tillage operations are aligned with the path of the sun to optimize sunlight exposure for crops. Which type of tillage are they practicing?

<p>Oriented tillage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To improve drainage and prepare a smooth seedbed, a farmer uses equipment to cut and move thin layers of topsoil across the field. What type of tillage is being performed?

<p>Land planing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Philippine government agency funded the project that led to the revision of the agricultural engineering standard?

<p>Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of PAES 106:2000?

<p>Definitions for tillage equipment and soil-tool relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was responsible for initiating the revision of the Philippine Standard Administrative Order (SAO) 397:1980?

<p>Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main changes implemented during the technical revision of the standard?

<p>Modification of tillage terminologies to make it comprehensible (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following documents was NOT considered in the preparation of PAES 106:2000?

<p>ISO 12345:2005 - Guidelines for Agricultural Machinery Design (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity was organized by the National Agriculture and Fisheries Council (NAFC) concerning the standard?

<p>Public Hearing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of standard is PAES 106:2000 considered to be?

<p>A terminology standard (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does PAES 106:2000 align with international standardization practices?

<p>It aligns with the format of International Standards, as indicated by modifications to the title. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of a 'soil-additive incorporator'?

<p>To mechanically mix materials into the soil. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer is using a tillage tool that slices through the soil to allow for the placement of fertilizer. Which type of tool is the farmer most likely using?

<p>Soil opener (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a tillage tool has a long 'soil-sliding path length', what does this imply about its interaction with the soil?

<p>The soil slides across a greater area of the tool's surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical function of secondary tillage implements?

<p>Initial plowing to break up untilled ground. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN difference between 'dynamic' and 'simple' tillage tools, according to their definitions?

<p>Dynamic tools are powered with movements beyond the direction of travel, while simple tools maintain a relatively constant soil contact area. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would MOST warrant the need to know the 'tool clearance' of a tillage implement?

<p>When operating the implement in a field with heavy residue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer needs to break clods after initial plowing and also requires a tool for puddling and leveling their field. Which implement is most suitable?

<p>Comb-tooth Harrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between a single-action disc harrow and a double-action (tandem) disc harrow?

<p>Single-action harrows have discs that throw soil in opposite directions from a single gang, while double-action harrows have gangs that throw soil in opposing directions to each other. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A tillage implement with a large 'tool-operating width' will primarily affect which aspect of field work?

<p>The area covered in a single pass. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate example of a 'complex tillage tool'?

<p>A rotating rotary hoe. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer wants to prepare a seedbed, eradicate weeds, and cultivate fallow land after primary tillage. Which implement is best suited for these tasks?

<p>Field Cultivator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which secondary tillage implement is designed primarily for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil?

<p>Packer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'specific draft' measure in the context of tillage implements?

<p>The draft force per unit area of tilled cross-section. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer needs to perform secondary tillage in an area with obstacles, requiring the tractor to operate off to the side of the implement. Which type of disc harrow is most appropriate?

<p>Offset Disc Harrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of operation for a roller-harrow in preparing a seedbed?

<p>Ridged rollers -&gt; spring cultivator teeth -&gt; ridged rollers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A double-action disc harrow is being used in a field. What is the typical arrangement of the gangs to achieve its intended soil-working action?

<p>Two sets of gangs, the front gangs throwing soil in one direction, and the rear gangs throwing it in the opposite direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between soil aggregates and soil peds?

<p>Soil aggregates are agglomerations of primary soil particles that are produced by natural processes; these are also known as soil peds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer is assessing his field after plowing and notices a prominent ridge in the center of the plowed strip. What is the most likely cause of this ridge?

<p>The farmer started plowing from the center to the side, creating a 'back furrow'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After plowing a field, a farmer observes open trenches between adjacent strips of land. This trench is approximately twice the width of one plow bottom. What is the correct term for this feature?

<p>Dead furrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A soil scientist is evaluating a field to determine its suitability for planting. They are particularly interested in the area of soil that will directly influence seed germination and seedling emergence. Which specific soil zone are they primarily studying?

<p>Seedbed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A farmer is comparing two soil samples. Sample A has a wet weight of 1.5 kg and a dry weight of 1.2 kg. Sample B has a wet weight of 1.8 kg and a dry weight of 1.4 kg. Assuming both samples have the same volume, which of the following statements is correct?

<p>Soil sample B has a higher soil density on a dry basis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the 'lift angle' from the 'tilt angle' in soil tillage tools?

<p>The lift angle is between the tool axis and the soil surface, whereas the tilt angle is perpendicular to the direction of travel. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When referring to 'tool overlap,' what measurement is being described?

<p>The distance a tool's operating width coincides with another tool's width when measured perpendicular to the direction of travel. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are 'wings' added to tillage tools, and how do their angles typically compare to the main tool?

<p>To increase the volume of soil disturbed or control soil movement; their angles are usually different from the main tool. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes describes 'soil cutting'?

<p>The separation of a soil mass by a slicing action. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of 'soil heaving'?

<p>Natural forces such as freezing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does 'soil shatter' differ from 'soil sliding'?

<p>Soil shatter refers to pulverization and fragmentation, while soil sliding refers to the movement of soil across a surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a soil additive?

<p>Pesticides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes 'adhered soil bodies' and what role do they play?

<p>They are masses of soil that stick to soil-working surfaces and act as part of the tool. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that leads to the creation of a 'compacted layer' or 'plow pan'?

<p>Mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces immediately below tillage depth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During soil failure caused by tillage, what differentiates 'primary shear surfaces' from 'secondary shear surfaces'?

<p>Primary shear surfaces are initial and distinct, while secondary shear surfaces result from twisting or tumbling after the initial displacement. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tillage Action

Execution of a specific form of soil manipulation by tillage tools.

Tillage Objective

Desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations.

Tillage Requirement

Soil physical conditions needed based on economic or utilitarian considerations.

Broadcast Tillage

Overall tillage of an entire area, unlike partial tillage in bands or strips.

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Deep Tillage

Primary tillage manipulating soil deeper than 300 mm.

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Land Forming

Tillage operation that moves soil to create desired configurations.

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Rotary Tillage

Tillage using power-driven rotary action to mix and cut soil.

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Soil Cultivation

Shallow tillage to promote growth by enhancing aeration and moisture retention.

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PAES 106:2000

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard for tillage equipment terminology.

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Tillage Equipment

Tools and machinery used for preparing soil for planting.

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Standard Revision

Updating existing standards to enhance clarity and relevance.

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AMTEC

Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center.

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Public Hearing

A meeting where stakeholders provide feedback on proposed standards.

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PNS 01:Part 4:1998

Rules for the structure and drafting of Philippine National Standards.

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Soil-Tool Relationships

Interactions between soil characteristics and tillage tools.

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Technical Committee

Group responsible for reviewing and finalizing standards.

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Soil Aggregates

Agglomerations of primary soil particles formed by natural processes.

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Tillability

Degree of ease with which soil can be manipulated for specific purposes.

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Furrow

Trench left when the plow cuts and turns the soil slice.

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Root Zone

Part of the soil profile exploited by plant roots for nutrients.

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Seedbed

Soil zone affecting germination and emergence of seeds.

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Secondary Tillage Implement

An implement used for shallower soil tilling after primary tillage.

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Comb-Tooth Harrow

An implement with teeth for breaking clods and leveling soil.

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Disc Harrow

An implement that pulverizes soil for better seed growth.

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Single-Action Disc Harrow

A harrow with two gangs of discs throwing soil in opposite directions.

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Double-Action Disc Harrow

Consists of front and rear gangs throwing soil in opposite directions.

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Field Cultivator

An implement for seedbed prep and weed eradication after primary tillage.

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Packer

An implement that crushes soil clods and compacts the soil.

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Roller-Harrow

An implement that crushes clods and firms the soil surface using rollers.

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soil-additive incorporator

A machine used to mix materials into the soil mechanically.

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soil opener

A tillage tool that creates openings in soil for inserting materials like seeds and fertilizers.

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soil roller

An implement that pulverizes, firms, or smooths soil by crushing or compacting it.

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soil-sliding angle

The angle between the soil sliding path and a horizontal contour line on the tool's surface.

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specific draft

The draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section.

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teeth (in tillage tools)

Projections on tools that help penetrate, grip, cut, or tear up soil.

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complex tillage tools

Tools that rotate or move to change their contact area with soil.

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tool-operating width

The maximum horizontal distance over which a tool performs its function perpendicular to its motion.

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Lift Angle

Angle in a vertical plane between a tool axis and soil surface, parallel to travel direction.

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Side Angle

Angle in the soil surface plane between a tool axis and a line perpendicular to travel direction.

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Tilt Angle

Angle in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between tool axis and soil surface.

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Tool Overlap

Distance where the operating width of one tool coincides with that of another perpendicular to travel direction.

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Tool-Skip Area

Area of soil surface left undisturbed during the passage of a tool.

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Soil Adhesion

The sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels.

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Soil Compaction

The act of reducing the specific volume of soil, increasing its density.

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Soil Heaving

Lifting or swelling of soil caused by natural forces such as freezing.

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Throw

Movement of soil in any direction due to kinetic energy from a tillage tool.

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Mechanical Impedance

Resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools caused by soil's mechanical strength.

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Study Notes

Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard PAES 106: 2000

  • This standard is a revision of SAO 397:1980, specifically for tillage equipment terminology.
  • The revision was initiated by AMTEC to enhance AFMA implementation.
  • Review by various private and government entities was conducted for comments.
  • Presented to the PSAE and subjected to a public hearing by NAFC.
  • Revisions were made in accordance with PNS 01:Part 4:1998 regarding standard structure and drafting.
  • Changes focused on standard titling, to conform with international standards, and modified tillage terminology.
  • Key documents considered during preparation were ASAE standards.

Scope

  • The standard provides definitions for general classification, design, construction, operation, performance of tillage equipment, and soil-tool relationships.

Definitions

  • 2.1 Basic tillage goals:
    • 2.1.1 tillage action: Soil manipulation by tillage tools.
      • Example: Soil cutting, shattering, inversion.
    • 2.1.2 tillage objective: Desired soil condition after tillage operations.
    • 2.1.3 tillage requirement: Soil physical conditions needed for successful use.
  • 2.2 General tillage terms and kind of tillage:
    • 2.2.1 broadcast tillage: Tillage across the whole area, not in strips.
    • 2.2.2 deep tillage: Depth over 300mm.
      • Uses heavy-duty tools.
    • 2.2.3 earthmoving: Loosening, loading, carrying soil.
    • 2.2.4 land forming: Creating soil configurations.
      • Example: Contouring, terracing, ridging.
    • 2.2.4.1 land grading: Establishing soil elevation and slope.
      • Example: Leveling, contouring.
    • 2.2.4.2 land planing: Creating a smooth soil surface.
    • 2.2.5 oriented tillage: Tillage in specific paths, based on sun, prevailing winds.
    • 2.2.6 rotary tillage: Soil cutting, breaking, mixing using rotary action.
    • 2.2.7 soil cultivation: Shallow tillage to promote plant growth, aeration, and moisture conservation.
    • 2.2.8 tillage: Soil manipulation.
      • Note: Used in agriculture to change soil conditions.
    • 2.2.8.1 primary tillage: First major soil working operation (reduces strength, covers materials).
    • 2.2.8.2 secondary tillage: Follows primary tillage (control weeds, configure soil).

Specific Tillage Operations (2.4)

  • 2.4.1 anchoring: Preventing soil movement.
    • 2.4.2 bedding, ridging, listing: Creating ridge and furrow configurations.
    • 2.4.3 bulldozing: Pushing soil with a blade.
    • 2.4.4 chisel plowing: Using narrow curved shanks (note: deeper than 350 mm is subsoiling).
    • 2.4.5 combined tillage operations: Uses 2+ tools simultaneously.
    • 2.4.6 harrowing: Pulverizes, smooths soil.
    • 2.4.7 incorporating: Mixing foreign materials (pesticides, fertilizers).
    • 2.4.8 middlebreaking: Creating furrows between rows.
    • 2.4.9 off barring: Cutting soil away from the base of plants.
    • 2.4.10 moldboard plowing: Complete soil inversion.
    • 2.4.11 residue processing: Handling residues in conjunction with manipulation.
    • 2.4.12 subsoiling: Deep tillage (below 350 mm) for better root and water movement.

Tillage Systems (2.3)

  • 2.3.1 conservation tillage: Maintaining residue cover (30%).
  • 2.3.2 conventional tillage: Traditional seedbed preparation.
  • 2.3.3 minimum tillage: Least soil manipulation.
  • 2.3.4 mulch tillage: Maintaining residue on soil surface.
  • 2.3.5 optimum tillage: Maximized net return (idealized).
  • 2.3.6 precision tillage: Subsoiling before planting (subsurface drainage).
  • 2.3.7 reduced tillage: Reduced secondary tillage operations.
  • 2.3.8 reservoir tillage: Creating depressions to hold water (e.g., rain).
  • 2.3.9 ridge tillage: Forming ridges (year to year)
  • 2.3.10 strip tillage: Tilling isolated bands.

Tillage Equipment (2.5)

  • 2.5.1 general-purpose tillage implement: Initial cutting, breaking, pulverizing soil.
    • 2.5.1.1 plow-harrow: Combines disc plow and harrow.
    • 2.5.1.2 rotary tiller: For broadcast and strip tillage, residue incorporation.
    • 2.5.1.3 spiral plow: Rotary plow concept with rotating horizontal shafts.
  • 2.5.2 primary tillage implement: Cutting, displacing, shattering soil.
    • 2.5.2.1 chisel plow: Shatters soil without complete burial.
    • 2.5.2.2 disc plow: Inverts and pulverizes soil.
    • 2.5.2.3 moldboard plow: Cuts and inverts soil completely.
    • 2.5.2.4 right/left-hand plows: Turns furrow slice to the right/left of plow.
    • 2.5.2.5 two-way plow: Eliminates dead furrows, used for surface irrigation.
    • 2.5.2.6 subsoiler: Used for deep tillage (intermittent, with widely spaced shanks),
  • 2.5.3 secondary tillage implement: Further tillage after primary.
    • 2.5.3.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8: Specific implement types (e.g. comb-tooth harrow, spring-tooth harrow).

Nomenclature for Tillage Tools and Implements (2.6)

  • 2.6.1 bed shaper: uniform ridges with predetermined shapes
  • 2.6.2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10...20: Definitions for various implement parts (coulter, draft, ground clearance, hitch, injector, jointer, line of travel, lister-planter, longit. tool spacing, mechanical till. implement, etc..)

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Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard PAES 106 : 2000 PDF

Description

This quiz explores tillage objectives, methods, and their applications in agriculture and construction. Questions cover preparing fields, leveling land, improving drainage, conserving soil moisture, and optimizing sunlight exposure. Rotary action tillage and aligned tillage systems are also covered.

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