Thrombosis Overview and Classifications
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?

  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Air pollution exposure
  • Chronic endothelial damage (correct)
  • Bacterial infection
  • Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?

  • Hypertension
  • High levels of plasma lipids
  • Smoking
  • Regular exercise (correct)
  • Which arteries are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?

  • Only large veins
  • Only small arteries
  • Capillaries and venules
  • Large arteries and small arteries (correct)
  • What role does endothelial injury play in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Enhances lipid trapping in intima (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lifestyle factors contributes to atherosclerosis risk?

    <p>Smoking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathological feature characterizes atheroma?

    <p>Patchy thickening of the intima (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which types of arteries are involved in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Large and small arteries (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of smoking on endothelial cells?

    <p>They experience damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about ischemic effects due to atherosclerosis is correct?

    <p>It can be incomplete or complete. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the stimulation of connective tissue and smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Release of platelet factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of occlusion of the coronary arteries?

    <p>Myocardial infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hypertension accounts for 90% of cases?

    <p>Essential hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of a thrombus?

    <p>Coagulated blood mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the most common types of aneurysms?

    <p>Cerebral artery aneurysms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition could lead to dry gangrene of the leg due to occlusion?

    <p>Occlusion of the femoral artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of Virchow’s triad for thrombus formation?

    <p>Increased vessel diameter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thrombi is characterized by its ability to close a vessel?

    <p>Occlusive thrombi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to thrombosis in large arteries like the aorta?

    <p>Formation of thrombo-emboli over atheromata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible outcome when part of a thrombus breaks off?

    <p>Thrombo-embolization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of secondary hypertension?

    <p>Obesity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of thrombus occurs within the heart?

    <p>Cardiac thrombus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of recanalization within a thrombus?

    <p>Renewed blood flow through the vessel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical condition characterized by excess aldosterone production?

    <p>Hyperaldosteronism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of embolism is most commonly caused by fragments of circulating thrombus?

    <p>Thromboembolism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a complication of thrombosis?

    <p>Reduced blood flow to a tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can systemic embolism result from?

    <p>Thrombosis over atheromata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the enlargement and extension of a thrombus?

    <p>Propagation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard normal blood pressure level for adults?

    <p>140/90 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of primary hypertension?

    <p>Its cause is unknown (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the process of organizing a thrombus, what occurs?

    <p>Formation of fibrous tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Atherosclerosis

    A patchy thickening of the inner lining of arteries caused by deposits of lipids surrounded by growing connective tissue.

    Atheroma

    A single lesion found in atherosclerosis, composed of lipids and connective tissue.

    Hypertension

    High blood pressure, a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.

    Hypercholesterolemia

    High levels of cholesterol in the blood, a major risk factor for atherosclerosis.

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    Smoking

    A factor that contributes to atherosclerosis, leading to endothelial damage.

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    Endothelial Damage

    Damaged lining of the arteries, a key event in atherosclerosis.

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    Atherosclerosis Development

    A process that begins with endothelial damage and leads to the formation of atheromas.

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    Atherosclerosis in Large Arteries

    Large arteries like the aorta and its main branches are often affected by atherosclerosis.

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    Atherosclerosis in Small Arteries

    Smaller arteries like the coronaries, cerebral, and renal arteries are also prone to atherosclerosis.

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    Atherosclerosis in Medium Arteries

    Medium-sized arteries like the femoral artery can be affected by atherosclerosis.

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    Thrombus

    A blood clot formed inside a blood vessel during life, composed of platelets, fibrin, cells, and plasma proteins.

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    Virchow's Triad

    A triad of factors contributing to thrombus formation: endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulability.

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    Occlusive Thrombus

    A thrombus that blocks a vessel, preventing blood flow.

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    Non-Occlusive Thrombus

    A thrombus that does not completely obstruct a vessel.

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    Arterial Thrombus

    A thrombus that forms in an artery.

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    Venous Thrombus

    A thrombus that forms in a vein.

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    Cardiac Thrombus

    A thrombus that forms in the heart.

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    Embolus

    A mass of material transported in the bloodstream that blocks a vessel.

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    Thromboembolism

    An embolus consisting of a fragment of a thrombus.

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    Lysis of Thrombus

    The process of a thrombus being dissolved by fibrinolytic agents in the blood.

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    Arterial Occlusion

    A blockage in an artery caused by a buildup of plaque or blood clots, often leading to serious complications like heart attack or stroke.

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    Arterial Narrowing

    Narrowing of an artery due to plaque buildup, often causing reduced blood flow and pain.

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    Coronary Artery Disease

    A condition characterized by a narrowing of the coronary arteries, often leading to chest pain and shortness of breath.

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    Myocardial Infarction

    A heart attack caused by a complete blockage of a coronary artery, leading to damage of the heart muscle.

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    Intermittent Claudication

    A condition in which the femoral artery (leading to the leg) is narrowed, causing pain in the legs during walking.

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    Dry Gangrene of Leg

    A condition where the femoral artery is completely blocked, causing tissue death and potentially gangrene in the leg.

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    Aortic Thrombosis

    A blood clot that forms in a large artery, potentially breaking off to travel to another area and cause a blockage.

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    Aneurysm

    A localized bulge or swelling in an artery, often due to weakening of the artery wall.

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    Primary Hypertension

    Hypertension with no identifiable cause, accounting for the vast majority of cases.

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    Study Notes

    Thrombosis

    • A thrombus is a solid mass formed within the cardiovascular system from circulating blood components.
    • It's intravascular and made of coagulated blood (platelets, fibrin, cells, plasma proteins).
    • Zahn lines, alternating layers of platelets and fibrin, are often present.
    • The thrombus adheres to the vessel's inner surface.

    Thrombosis Etiology

    • Virchow's triad describes thrombus formation:
      • Endothelial injury
      • Abnormal blood flow
      • Hypercoagulability

    Thrombus Classifications

    • Classified by occlusion (non-occlusive or occlusive)
    • Classified by site/ location (arterial, cardiac, venous, capillary)

    Thrombus Complications

    • Reduced blood flow to tissues/organs (leading to ischemia or infarction).
    • Thrombo-embolization (a piece of the thrombus breaks off).

    Fate of Thrombi

    • Lysis (breakdown by fibrinolytic agents).
    • Propagation (growth and extension).
    • Organization (fibrosis/scarring).
    • Recanalization (formation of new channels allowing blood flow).

    Embolism

    • Embolism is the blockage of a vessel by a material transported in the bloodstream.
    • Common types include thromboemboli, fat emboli, gas emboli, amniotic fluid emboli, and bacterial emboli.

    Atherosclerosis

    • Atherosclerosis is patchy thickening of artery intima due to lipid deposits surrounded by connective tissue.
    • Lesions are called atheromas.

    Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

    • Hypertension.
    • High levels of plasma lipids.
    • Smoking.
    • Diabetes.
    • Lifestyle factors (lack of exercise, stress, obesity).
    • Familial hereditary factors.

    Atherosclerosis Pathological Features

    • Sites of atherosclerosis: Large arteries (aorta and branches), small arteries (coronary, cerebral, renal), medium-sized arteries (femoral).

    Atherosclerosis Effects and Complications

    • Ischemic effects (incomplete or complete occlusion).
    • Coronary narrowing: arteriosclerosis heart diseases, myocardial infarction.
    • Femoral Narrowing: intermittent claudication, dry gangrene of leg
    • Large arteries: thrombus formation, thromboemboli, systemic embolism, infarctions.

    Aneurysm Formation

    • Aneurysm is local enlargement of an artery due to stretch of the atrophic media.
    • Common locations include cerebral arteries and the aorta.

    Hypertension

    • Hypertension: Persistent elevation of blood pressure above normal (140/90).
    • Types of hypertension: Primary (essential)/ Secondary.

    Primary Hypertension

    • Unknown cause.
    • Accounts for 90% of cases.

    Secondary Hypertension Causes

    • Endocrine causes (thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism).
    • Toxemia of pregnancy.
    • Renal causes (polycystic kidney, renal stones, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, amyloidosis, renal artery stenosis).
    • Vascular diseases (coarctation of the aorta).

    Hypertension Effects and Complications

    • Eye: arterial narrowing, retinal damage
    • Heart: left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure
    • Cerebral hemorrhage
    • Kidney: renal damage, uremia.

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    Blood Vessels Diseases PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of thrombosis, including the formation of thrombi, their classifications, and complications associated with thrombus formation. Understand the key concepts such as Virchow's triad and the fate of thrombi in the cardiovascular system.

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