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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
Which arteries are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?
Which arteries are primarily affected by atherosclerosis?
What role does endothelial injury play in atherosclerosis?
What role does endothelial injury play in atherosclerosis?
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Which of the following lifestyle factors contributes to atherosclerosis risk?
Which of the following lifestyle factors contributes to atherosclerosis risk?
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What pathological feature characterizes atheroma?
What pathological feature characterizes atheroma?
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Which types of arteries are involved in the development of atherosclerosis?
Which types of arteries are involved in the development of atherosclerosis?
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What is the effect of smoking on endothelial cells?
What is the effect of smoking on endothelial cells?
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Which statement about ischemic effects due to atherosclerosis is correct?
Which statement about ischemic effects due to atherosclerosis is correct?
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What leads to the stimulation of connective tissue and smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerosis?
What leads to the stimulation of connective tissue and smooth muscle proliferation in atherosclerosis?
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What is the consequence of occlusion of the coronary arteries?
What is the consequence of occlusion of the coronary arteries?
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Which type of hypertension accounts for 90% of cases?
Which type of hypertension accounts for 90% of cases?
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What is the primary component of a thrombus?
What is the primary component of a thrombus?
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What is one of the most common types of aneurysms?
What is one of the most common types of aneurysms?
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Which condition could lead to dry gangrene of the leg due to occlusion?
Which condition could lead to dry gangrene of the leg due to occlusion?
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Which of the following is NOT part of Virchow’s triad for thrombus formation?
Which of the following is NOT part of Virchow’s triad for thrombus formation?
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What type of thrombi is characterized by its ability to close a vessel?
What type of thrombi is characterized by its ability to close a vessel?
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What leads to thrombosis in large arteries like the aorta?
What leads to thrombosis in large arteries like the aorta?
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What is the possible outcome when part of a thrombus breaks off?
What is the possible outcome when part of a thrombus breaks off?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of secondary hypertension?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of secondary hypertension?
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What type of thrombus occurs within the heart?
What type of thrombus occurs within the heart?
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What is a potential consequence of recanalization within a thrombus?
What is a potential consequence of recanalization within a thrombus?
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What is the medical condition characterized by excess aldosterone production?
What is the medical condition characterized by excess aldosterone production?
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Which type of embolism is most commonly caused by fragments of circulating thrombus?
Which type of embolism is most commonly caused by fragments of circulating thrombus?
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Which of the following is a complication of thrombosis?
Which of the following is a complication of thrombosis?
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What can systemic embolism result from?
What can systemic embolism result from?
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Which process describes the enlargement and extension of a thrombus?
Which process describes the enlargement and extension of a thrombus?
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What is the standard normal blood pressure level for adults?
What is the standard normal blood pressure level for adults?
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Which of the following is a key feature of primary hypertension?
Which of the following is a key feature of primary hypertension?
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During the process of organizing a thrombus, what occurs?
During the process of organizing a thrombus, what occurs?
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Study Notes
Thrombosis
- A thrombus is a solid mass formed within the cardiovascular system from circulating blood components.
- It's intravascular and made of coagulated blood (platelets, fibrin, cells, plasma proteins).
- Zahn lines, alternating layers of platelets and fibrin, are often present.
- The thrombus adheres to the vessel's inner surface.
Thrombosis Etiology
- Virchow's triad describes thrombus formation:
- Endothelial injury
- Abnormal blood flow
- Hypercoagulability
Thrombus Classifications
- Classified by occlusion (non-occlusive or occlusive)
- Classified by site/ location (arterial, cardiac, venous, capillary)
Thrombus Complications
- Reduced blood flow to tissues/organs (leading to ischemia or infarction).
- Thrombo-embolization (a piece of the thrombus breaks off).
Fate of Thrombi
- Lysis (breakdown by fibrinolytic agents).
- Propagation (growth and extension).
- Organization (fibrosis/scarring).
- Recanalization (formation of new channels allowing blood flow).
Embolism
- Embolism is the blockage of a vessel by a material transported in the bloodstream.
- Common types include thromboemboli, fat emboli, gas emboli, amniotic fluid emboli, and bacterial emboli.
Atherosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis is patchy thickening of artery intima due to lipid deposits surrounded by connective tissue.
- Lesions are called atheromas.
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
- Hypertension.
- High levels of plasma lipids.
- Smoking.
- Diabetes.
- Lifestyle factors (lack of exercise, stress, obesity).
- Familial hereditary factors.
Atherosclerosis Pathological Features
- Sites of atherosclerosis: Large arteries (aorta and branches), small arteries (coronary, cerebral, renal), medium-sized arteries (femoral).
Atherosclerosis Effects and Complications
- Ischemic effects (incomplete or complete occlusion).
- Coronary narrowing: arteriosclerosis heart diseases, myocardial infarction.
- Femoral Narrowing: intermittent claudication, dry gangrene of leg
- Large arteries: thrombus formation, thromboemboli, systemic embolism, infarctions.
Aneurysm Formation
- Aneurysm is local enlargement of an artery due to stretch of the atrophic media.
- Common locations include cerebral arteries and the aorta.
Hypertension
- Hypertension: Persistent elevation of blood pressure above normal (140/90).
- Types of hypertension: Primary (essential)/ Secondary.
Primary Hypertension
- Unknown cause.
- Accounts for 90% of cases.
Secondary Hypertension Causes
- Endocrine causes (thyrotoxicosis, pheochromocytoma, Cushing's syndrome, hyperaldosteronism).
- Toxemia of pregnancy.
- Renal causes (polycystic kidney, renal stones, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, amyloidosis, renal artery stenosis).
- Vascular diseases (coarctation of the aorta).
Hypertension Effects and Complications
- Eye: arterial narrowing, retinal damage
- Heart: left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure
- Cerebral hemorrhage
- Kidney: renal damage, uremia.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of thrombosis, including the formation of thrombi, their classifications, and complications associated with thrombus formation. Understand the key concepts such as Virchow's triad and the fate of thrombi in the cardiovascular system.
