NURS 3510 Module 5 Hematology

abnormal hemostasis that presents as prolonged bleeding from minor trauma or spontaneous bleeding without injury

Cancers, aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, myelodysplastic disorders, marrow metastases, drugs, immune thrombocytopenia, infections, nutrition deficiencies, and radiation

accelerated platelet destruction caused by antibodies

<p>an acquired immune disorder where there is abnormal platelet destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Artificial surfaces, disseminated intravascular coagulation, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, pregnancy-related, thrombotic microangiopathy, and atypical hemolytic uremic syndromes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dilution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a needed health history assessment to diagnose thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haptoglobin, Hgb, indirect bilirubin, LDH, reticulocytes, and schistocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That the patient will have no bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a laboratory study used to diagnose or monitor coagulopathy in thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To diagnose or monitor thrombocytopenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps diagnose thrombocytopenia by examining the bone marrow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can cause organ shutdown or failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent bleeding and organ failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PF4-heparin complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific assays such as ITP antigen-specific assay, platelet activation/function assay, or PF4-heparin complex for HIT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If they do not respond to treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia and platelet-fibrin thrombi</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They sequester and destroy platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can be normal even in severe thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Removal of the spleen increases the number of platelets in circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>peripheral blood pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hypovolemic shock and reduced RBCs available to carry O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Under 50,000/μL (50 × 109/L)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>depleted iron stores</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous, life-threatening bleeding (e.g., intracranial bleeding) can occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>abnormal form of Hgb in the RBC</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weakness, fainting, dizziness, tachycardia, abdominal pain, and hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged bleeding after routine procedures, such as venipuncture or IM injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>identifying and stopping the bleeding source</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because some antibody synthesis occurs in the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 new cases per million people per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increasing plasma volume to maintain circulating fluid volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>bleeding and sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia is caused by impaired DNA synthesis, resulting in defective RBC maturation. Common causes include cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folic acid deficiencies, congenital disorders, suppression of DNA synthesis by drugs, inborn errors of cobalamin and folic acid metabolism, and erythroleukemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pernicious anemia is caused by an absence of intrinsic factor (IF). It occurs most often in persons of Northern European descent (especially Scandinavians) and Blacks, with the most common age of diagnosis being around 60 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The manifestations of folic acid deficiency are similar to cobalamin deficiency, and include symptoms such as stomatitis, cheilosis, dysphagia, flatulence, and diarrhea. It is diagnosed with a low serum folate level (normal is 5 to 25 ng/mL or 11 to 57 nmol/L) and a normal serum cobalamin level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nursing measures for a patient with folic acid deficiency anemia are the same as those for the patient with anemia, as outlined in Nursing Care Plan 34.1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The usual dosage of folic acid replacement therapy is 1 to 5 mg/day by mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal serum folate level is 5 to 25 ng/mL (11 to 57 nmol/L).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine deficiency, which is often present with folate deficiency, can cause neurologic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythroleukemia is a malignant blood disorder characterized by a proliferation of erythropoietic cells in bone marrow, which can cause megaloblastic anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia, and the most susceptible individuals are the very young, those on poor diets, and women in their reproductive years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 mg of iron daily in urine, bile, sweat, sloughing of epithelial cells from the skin and intestinal mucosa, and minor bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A deficiency in the number of erythrocytes, the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, and/or volume of packed RBCs. Common causes include blood loss, impaired RBC production, or increased RBC destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An absent or reduced globulin protein, which leads to inadequate production of normal Hgb, decreasing RBC production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia is characterized by abnormally large (macrocytic) RBCs, which are easily destroyed because they have fragile cell membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphologic classification is based on RBC size and color, while etiologic classification is based on the clinical condition causing the anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defective DNA synthesis in RBCs can lead to megaloblastic anemias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal life span of an RBC is 120 days. The balance between RBC production (erythropoiesis) and RBC destruction and loss ensures an adequate number of RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aplastic anemia is characterized by diminished availability of RBC precursors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Types of anemia caused by decreased RBC production include anemia caused by decreased RBC production. Causes include impaired erythropoiesis, inadequate iron intake, and bone marrow disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The causes of anemia, such as blood loss, impaired RBC production, or increased RBC destruction, affect the classification and diagnosis of the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased RBC production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These laboratory tests help diagnose anemia by providing information on RBC count, hemoglobin level, and RBC morphology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased Hgb synthesis, defective DNA synthesis, and diminished availability of RBC precursors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphologic classification provides an accurate classification of anemia, while etiologic classification helps identify the underlying cause and inform patient care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the causes of anemia is crucial for developing effective treatment and management strategies tailored to the specific type and severity of anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal form of hemoglobin in the RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral blood pancytopenia and hypocellular bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying and stopping the bleeding source</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 new cases per million people per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged bleeding from trauma or injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases plasma volume to maintain blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needed for RBC production and DNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triggers the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, decrease of anemia symptoms, adequate nutritional intake, adherence to plan of care, improved energy and activity, absence of anemic complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia is a reduction of platelets to less than 150,000/μL (150 × 10^9/L).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medication adherence, dietary deficiencies, and the importance of including leafy green vegetables, fortified cereals, fruits, and meat, dairy products, and eggs in their diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triggers the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To monitor hemoglobin levels and prevent complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, decrease of anemia symptoms, adequate nutritional intake, adherence to plan of care, improved energy and activity, absence of anemic complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia is caused by impaired DNA synthesis, which results in defective RBC maturation. Common causes include cobalamin (vitamin B12) and folic acid deficiencies, congenital disorders, suppression of DNA synthesis by drugs, inborn errors of cobalamin and folic acid metabolism, and erythroleukemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pernicious anemia is a disease caused by an absence of intrinsic factor. It usually occurs in middle age or later, with 60 years being the most common age at diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The manifestations of folic acid deficiency are similar to cobalamin deficiency and include GI problems such as stomatitis, cheilosis, dysphagia, flatulence, and diarrhea. It is diagnosed by a low serum folate level (normal is 5 to 25 ng/mL [11 to 57 nmol/L]) with a normal serum cobalamin level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The usual dosage of folic acid replacement therapy is 1 to 5 mg/day by mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythroleukemia is a malignant blood disorder characterized by a proliferation of erythropoietic cells in bone marrow, which can cause megaloblastic anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The nursing measures for a patient with folic acid deficiency anemia are similar to those for the patient with anemia, as discussed in eNursing Care Plan 34.1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thiamine deficiency, which is often present with folate deficiency, can cause neurologic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal serum folate level is 5 to 25 ng/mL (11 to 57 nmol/L).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia; the very young, those on poor diets, and women in their reproductive years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 mg of iron daily in urine, bile, sweat, sloughing of epithelial cells from the skin and intestinal mucosa, and minor bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalassemia is a group of diseases involving inadequate production of normal Hgb, which decreases RBC production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormally large (macrocytic) RBCs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diminished availability of RBC precursors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Near the Mediterranean Sea and equatorial or near-equatorial regions of Southeastern Asia, the Middle East, India, Pakistan, China, Southern Russia, and Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Destruction of RBCs by macrophages in the spleen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary cause of anemia is a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes (red blood cells), the quantity or quality of hemoglobin, or the volume of packed RBCs. The three main categories of its causes are: blood loss, impaired RBC production, or increased RBC destruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The normal life span of an RBC is 120 days. The balance of RBC production and destruction is maintained through a process called erythropoiesis, where RBC production is in equilibrium with RBC destruction and loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphologic classification is based on RBC size and color, while etiologic classification is based on the clinical condition causing the anemia. Morphologic classification is more accurate, but etiologic classification is more practical for patient care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary cause of iron deficiency anemia is inadequate iron intake, increased iron demand, or chronic blood loss. The common manifestations of this condition include fatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to anemia. The common manifestations of this condition include severe anemia, fatigue, and jaundice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the production of large, immature RBCs. The common causes of this condition include vitamin B12 deficiency, folic acid deficiency, and certain medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia of chronic disease is a type of anemia that occurs in individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or cancer. The common causes of this condition include chronic inflammation, which leads to the suppression of erythropoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production, and it plays a critical role in maintaining a healthy RBC count. Various diseases, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, can affect erythropoiesis, leading to anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant decrease in the number of RBCs available to carry O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body maintains its blood volume by slowly increasing the plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying the source of bleeding and stopping it, followed by iron supplements if necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An abnormal form of Hgb in the RBCs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depleted iron stores lead to a decrease in RBC production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypocellular bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypovolemic shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 new cases per million people per year</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epoetin Alfa triggers the bone marrow to produce more RBCs, which increases hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, and decreases anemia symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin B12 is necessary for RBC production and DNA synthesis, and its deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, and neurological symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expected outcomes are improved hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, decreased anemia symptoms, adequate nutritional intake, adherence to the plan of care, and improved energy and activity. These can be achieved through medication adherence, dietary changes, and regular monitoring of hemoglobin levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thrombocytopenia is a reduction of platelets to less than 150,000/μL, which can lead to increased risk of bleeding and bruising.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folic acid is essential for the production of RBCs, and its deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and neurological symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, and its deficiency can lead to iron deficiency anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and pale skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anemia of chronic disease is a condition characterized by decreased RBC production due to chronic inflammation, and it differs from other types of anemia in that it is not caused by iron or Vitamin B12 deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalassemia is a genetic disorder that affects the production of hemoglobin, leading to abnormal RBC production and anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers