Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum?
Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum?
- Diaphragm
- Left pleural cavity
- Right pleural cavity
- Heart (correct)
During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following?
During inspiration, contraction of the diaphragm leads to which of the following?
- Decreased volume in the thoracic cavity.
- Increased pressure in the thoracic cavity.
- Increased volume in the thoracic cavity. (correct)
- No change in the thoracic cavity.
The phrenic nerve, responsible for innervating the diaphragm, originates from which cervical spinal nerves?
The phrenic nerve, responsible for innervating the diaphragm, originates from which cervical spinal nerves?
- C7, C8, and T1
- C1, C2, and C3
- C5, C6, and C7
- C3, C4, and C5 (correct)
What is the primary role of serous fluid within the pleural cavity?
What is the primary role of serous fluid within the pleural cavity?
Which structure is directly responsible for pulling against the central tendon of the diaphragm during inspiration?
Which structure is directly responsible for pulling against the central tendon of the diaphragm during inspiration?
How does the rib cage contribute to increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during respiration?
How does the rib cage contribute to increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during respiration?
What would be the most likely effect of damage to the phrenic nerve?
What would be the most likely effect of damage to the phrenic nerve?
In a 'collapsed lung' scenario, what has happened within the pleural cavity?
In a 'collapsed lung' scenario, what has happened within the pleural cavity?
During quiet expiration, what primarily occurs to the diaphragm?
During quiet expiration, what primarily occurs to the diaphragm?
Why is there functionally no space normally in the pleural cavity?
Why is there functionally no space normally in the pleural cavity?
If a surgeon needs to remove a single, discrete segment of the lung, which anatomical feature makes this possible?
If a surgeon needs to remove a single, discrete segment of the lung, which anatomical feature makes this possible?
What is the functional significance of the costodiaphragmatic recess?
What is the functional significance of the costodiaphragmatic recess?
Which of the following best describes the 'bucket handle' movement during respiration?
Which of the following best describes the 'bucket handle' movement during respiration?
What is the primary function of the respiratory bronchiole?
What is the primary function of the respiratory bronchiole?
What is the relationship between the visceral pleura and the lung?
What is the relationship between the visceral pleura and the lung?
Which action primarily contributes to lowering the diaphragm during inspiration?
Which action primarily contributes to lowering the diaphragm during inspiration?
In a patient experiencing forced expiration, which muscles would be actively engaged?
In a patient experiencing forced expiration, which muscles would be actively engaged?
What is the 'hilum' of the lung?
What is the 'hilum' of the lung?
How does the serous fluid in the pleural cavity contribute to the mechanism of breathing?
How does the serous fluid in the pleural cavity contribute to the mechanism of breathing?
What is the difference between the parietal and visceral pleura?
What is the difference between the parietal and visceral pleura?
Which of the following prevents the collapse of alveoli due to surface tension?
Which of the following prevents the collapse of alveoli due to surface tension?
During inspiration, what pressure change occurs within the thoracic cavity relative to atmospheric pressure?
During inspiration, what pressure change occurs within the thoracic cavity relative to atmospheric pressure?
Damage to the intercostal nerves would most likely lead to:
Damage to the intercostal nerves would most likely lead to:
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur between the air and the blood?
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur between the air and the blood?
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
Which main structure separates the right and left pulmonary cavities?
Which main structure separates the right and left pulmonary cavities?
During forced inspiration, which of the following muscles are recruited to further elevate the rib cage, beyond the use of the diaphragm and external intercostals?
During forced inspiration, which of the following muscles are recruited to further elevate the rib cage, beyond the use of the diaphragm and external intercostals?
In the context of pleural cavities, what is a coelomic sac?
In the context of pleural cavities, what is a coelomic sac?
What is the importance of the pulmonary ligament?
What is the importance of the pulmonary ligament?
In assessing a patient with a suspected pneumothorax, what physical finding would be most indicative of this condition?
In assessing a patient with a suspected pneumothorax, what physical finding would be most indicative of this condition?
Where is the carina located, and what is its significance?
Where is the carina located, and what is its significance?
What is the functional unit of gas exchange in the lungs?
What is the functional unit of gas exchange in the lungs?
Which structure allows for lung expansion during deep inspiration?
Which structure allows for lung expansion during deep inspiration?
Damage to the medulla oblongata could severely impact respiration by disrupting the function of what nerve?
Damage to the medulla oblongata could severely impact respiration by disrupting the function of what nerve?
Which type of cell produces surfactant in the alveoli?
Which type of cell produces surfactant in the alveoli?
What primary anatomical difference exists between the right and left lungs regarding the number of lobes?
What primary anatomical difference exists between the right and left lungs regarding the number of lobes?
What is the endothoracic fascia?
What is the endothoracic fascia?
Flashcards
Thoracic Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
The cavity containing the lungs, surrounded by the rib cage and separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm.
Pleural Cavity
Pleural Cavity
The potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae containing a lubricating serous fluid.
Pleura
Pleura
Thin, double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
Parietal Pleura
Parietal Pleura
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Visceral Pleura
Visceral Pleura
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Diaphragm
Diaphragm
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Costodiaphragmatic Recess
Costodiaphragmatic Recess
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Diaphragm Innervation
Diaphragm Innervation
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Lungs Function
Lungs Function
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Apex of the Lung
Apex of the Lung
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Hilum (Root) of Lung
Hilum (Root) of Lung
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Bronchial Tree
Bronchial Tree
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Bronchopulmonary Segments
Bronchopulmonary Segments
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Alveoli
Alveoli
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Respiration
Respiration
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Pneumothorax
Pneumothorax
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Serous Fluid Function
Serous Fluid Function
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Superior Thoracic Aperture
Superior Thoracic Aperture
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Inferior Thoracic Aperture
Inferior Thoracic Aperture
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Phrenic Nerve
Phrenic Nerve
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Study Notes
- Pulmonary and Pleural cavities and lungs are part of the thorax
The Thorax
- It has a superior and inferior thoracic aperture, vertebral column, ribs, and diaphragm
- The thorax also contains the mediastinum bound by: right and left pleural cavities
- The sternum is divided into the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
- The first rib connects to the manubrium of the sternum
Pleural Cavities
- The pleural cavity has a cervical pleura, a space for the root of the lung
- Pulmonary ligament is also part of it
- It is composed of the costal, mediastinal, and diaphragmatic parts
Diaphragm Review
- The diaphragm has right dome shape
- The diaphragm has costodiaphragmatic recess
- Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm: "C3, C4, and C5 keep the diaphragm alive"
- During inspiration the diaphragm is at its maximum
- During expiration the diaphragm is at its maximum
Pleural Cavity
- Effectively there is no space between the pleurae
- They are lined internally in a lubricating serous fluid
- The serous fluid helps attract the parietal and visceral pleura together.
- A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity found in most animals.
- Coelomic sacs are structured with outer and inner layers surrounding a cavity
Pleura
- The pleurae are described as visceral or parietal
- Parts of the pleura include
- cervical pleura
- costal part
- mediastinal and diaphragmatic parts
- costodiaphragmatic recesses
Pleural Cavity (Normal and Collapsed Lung)
- Parietal pleura lines to the thoracic wall and is part of endothoracic fascia
- Pulmonary cavities are separated by the mediastinum
- Visceral pleura covers the lungs
Costodiaphragmatic Recess
- The costodiaphragmatic recess contains the intercostal VAN, the diaphragm
- The recess also contains the visceral and parietal pleura and the liver
Lungs
- Lungs contain the costodiaphragmatic recess
- The lungs have an apex and oblique fissures
- The lungs have a horizontal fissure and a hilum (root)
Lungs Lateral Perspective
- Lungs are divided into lobes: upper, middle, and lower
- Oblique fissures separate the lower lobe, while horizontal fissures separate the middle lobe
- The apex is at the top of the lung in both lungs
Lungs Medial Perspective
- Hilum (root) descends to the aorta
- There is a Cardiac impression
- The diaphragmatic surface has linguistic cardiac
Hilum (Root)
- Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood
- Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood.
Bronchial Tree
- The Bronchial Tree includes the trachea, right and left main bronchus, lobar bronchi and segmental bronchi
Bronchopulmonary Segments
- Bronchopulmonary segments are ventilated by a single segmental bronchus
- Segments are separated by septa.
- Surgical removal of individual segments is possible
Bronchopulmonary Units
- Bronchopulmonary units include the main, lobar and segmental bronchus as well as bronchiole, terminal bronchiole and respiratory bronchiole
Respiratory Bronchiole
- Branches of the pulmonary vein take a direct route to the hilum of the lung
- Branches of the pulmonary artery branch off to the alveoli
- Site of gas exchange within the system is called the alveoli
Respiration
- Serous fluid attracts visceral pleura to parietal pleura and lowers friction between pleural layers
- During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts, pulls against the central tendon, and lowers diaphragm
- Contraction of the diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity, creating negative pressure
- Additional actions during inspiration include: the ribs lift and expand and the lungs passively fill expanded space
Inspiration and Expiration
- During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity increase
- During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes; vertical dimensions of thoracic cavity narrow.
Respiration - Rib cage
- The rib cage increases volume in three dimensions
Forced Respiration
- Forced inspiration occurs via the use of scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and external intercostals
- Forced expiration occurs via the use of transversus thoracis, internal intercostals, rectus abdominis (other abdominal muscles not shown), and the diaphragm
Pneumothorax
- Pneumothorax occurs when there is collapsed lung and a deviation of the airflow
- A pleural defect may occur during inspiration
- Positive pressure in pleural cavity and cardiac shift can occur
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