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Questions and Answers
What is the primary sensory supply of the central part of the diaphragm?
What is the primary sensory supply of the central part of the diaphragm?
Which artery is NOT a branch of the internal thoracic artery?
Which artery is NOT a branch of the internal thoracic artery?
Which condition is characterized by the inward growth of the ribs and sternum?
Which condition is characterized by the inward growth of the ribs and sternum?
What could severe cases of funnel chest potentially affect?
What could severe cases of funnel chest potentially affect?
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Which of the following is true regarding pigeon chest?
Which of the following is true regarding pigeon chest?
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What is the shape of the inlet of the thorax?
What is the shape of the inlet of the thorax?
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Which structures are allowed to pass through the thoracic inlet?
Which structures are allowed to pass through the thoracic inlet?
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Which boundary is NOT associated with the inlet of the thorax?
Which boundary is NOT associated with the inlet of the thorax?
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What is the configuration of the diaphragm's peripheral part?
What is the configuration of the diaphragm's peripheral part?
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Which of the following is NOT a muscle associated with the structures passing through the inlet of the thorax?
Which of the following is NOT a muscle associated with the structures passing through the inlet of the thorax?
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Where is the diaphragm located relative to the thoracic outlet?
Where is the diaphragm located relative to the thoracic outlet?
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What is the anatomical position of the right cupolae of the diaphragm compared to the left?
What is the anatomical position of the right cupolae of the diaphragm compared to the left?
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Which of the following arteries is included in the structures passing through the inlet of the thorax?
Which of the following arteries is included in the structures passing through the inlet of the thorax?
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What is the origin of the diaphragm's costal part?
What is the origin of the diaphragm's costal part?
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Which nerve passes through the vena caval opening of the diaphragm?
Which nerve passes through the vena caval opening of the diaphragm?
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What structure is located at the aortic opening?
What structure is located at the aortic opening?
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Which part of the diaphragm is responsible for surrounding the esophageal orifice?
Which part of the diaphragm is responsible for surrounding the esophageal orifice?
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What is a characteristic of the sphincter-like fibers surrounding the esophageal orifice?
What is a characteristic of the sphincter-like fibers surrounding the esophageal orifice?
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Where is the esophageal opening located?
Where is the esophageal opening located?
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Which of the following structures is associated with the minor openings of the diaphragm?
Which of the following structures is associated with the minor openings of the diaphragm?
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What occurs when the minor opening known as the foramen of Morgagni is enlarged?
What occurs when the minor opening known as the foramen of Morgagni is enlarged?
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What structures form the lung root that enters and leaves at the hilum?
What structures form the lung root that enters and leaves at the hilum?
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Which surface of the lungs is concave and characterized by the presence of the hilum?
Which surface of the lungs is concave and characterized by the presence of the hilum?
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How many lobes does the right lung have compared to the left lung?
How many lobes does the right lung have compared to the left lung?
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What is the apex of the lung located above?
What is the apex of the lung located above?
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Which structures are included in the mediastinum?
Which structures are included in the mediastinum?
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What distinguishes the parietal pleura from the visceral pleura?
What distinguishes the parietal pleura from the visceral pleura?
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What is the primary physiological role of the lungs?
What is the primary physiological role of the lungs?
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What is the pleural cavity filled with, and what is its function?
What is the pleural cavity filled with, and what is its function?
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Which of the following correctly identifies the components forming the thoracic cage?
Which of the following correctly identifies the components forming the thoracic cage?
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What is the classification of ribs based on their attachment to the sternum?
What is the classification of ribs based on their attachment to the sternum?
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Which of the following describes the function of the thoracic cage?
Which of the following describes the function of the thoracic cage?
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Which structure is NOT a part of the sternum?
Which structure is NOT a part of the sternum?
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Which characteristic is specifically true for atypical ribs?
Which characteristic is specifically true for atypical ribs?
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What anatomical feature distinguishes typical thoracic vertebrae?
What anatomical feature distinguishes typical thoracic vertebrae?
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Regarding the boundaries of the apertures of the thoracic cage, which statement is true?
Regarding the boundaries of the apertures of the thoracic cage, which statement is true?
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Which part of the sternum lies at the level of the 2nd rib?
Which part of the sternum lies at the level of the 2nd rib?
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Which ribs are classified as 'floating ribs'?
Which ribs are classified as 'floating ribs'?
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Which thoracic vertebrae are typically classified as atypical?
Which thoracic vertebrae are typically classified as atypical?
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What is a significant clinical feature of the sternum?
What is a significant clinical feature of the sternum?
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Which of the following describes the typical anatomy of a rib?
Which of the following describes the typical anatomy of a rib?
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What role does the diaphragm have in respiration?
What role does the diaphragm have in respiration?
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The presence of transverse costal facets is characteristic of which type of vertebrae?
The presence of transverse costal facets is characteristic of which type of vertebrae?
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Which statement best describes the pleura and pleural cavity?
Which statement best describes the pleura and pleural cavity?
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What is the primary reason the right bronchus is more likely to be obstructed by inhaled objects compared to the left bronchus?
What is the primary reason the right bronchus is more likely to be obstructed by inhaled objects compared to the left bronchus?
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At which rib level does the inferior margin of the parietal pleura take an oblique path laterally in the midclavicular line?
At which rib level does the inferior margin of the parietal pleura take an oblique path laterally in the midclavicular line?
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What type of epithelium is found in the alveolar ducts and alveoli?
What type of epithelium is found in the alveolar ducts and alveoli?
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What structure primarily supports the alveoli and maintains their shape during respiration?
What structure primarily supports the alveoli and maintains their shape during respiration?
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Which nerve supply is responsible for bronchoconstriction?
Which nerve supply is responsible for bronchoconstriction?
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Which feature characterizes the conducting passages of the bronchial tree?
Which feature characterizes the conducting passages of the bronchial tree?
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What is the function of septal cells (type II pneumocytes) in the alveoli?
What is the function of septal cells (type II pneumocytes) in the alveoli?
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Where does the trachea divide into the left and right bronchi?
Where does the trachea divide into the left and right bronchi?
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Which of the following correctly describes the bronchial arteries?
Which of the following correctly describes the bronchial arteries?
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What happens to the cartilage as the air passages become smaller towards the bronchioles?
What happens to the cartilage as the air passages become smaller towards the bronchioles?
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Which cells in the lung tissue are primarily involved in the defense against microbes?
Which cells in the lung tissue are primarily involved in the defense against microbes?
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Which statement best describes the airway as it divides and decreases in size?
Which statement best describes the airway as it divides and decreases in size?
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What type of epithelium transitions occur in the bronchial tree as it narrows?
What type of epithelium transitions occur in the bronchial tree as it narrows?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System - Lower Respiratory Tract Anatomy
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Learning Outcomes:
- Identify and describe the bones of the thoracic cage.
- Define the boundaries and structures of the thoracic cage apertures.
- Explain the anatomy of the diaphragm.
- Outline the clinical significance of the sternum.
- Detail the anatomy of the pulmonary cavities, mediastinum, pleura, and pleural cavity.
- Describe the anatomy of the lungs.
Thoracic Cage Bones
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Thorax:
- The region between the neck and abdomen.
- Flattened front to back, rounded on the sides.
- Forms the bony framework of the thoracic cage.
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Formation:
- Posteriorly: Vertebral column
- Laterally: Ribs and intercostal spaces
- Anteriorly: Sternum and costal cartilages
- Protection: The thoracic cage protects the heart, lungs, and other vital organs.
Sternum
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Composition: Fused sternebrae
- Manubrium: Jugular notch, articulation with rib 1 and 2, clavicular articulating facets, and Sternal angle (articulation with rib 2).
- Body: Articulates with ribs 2-7
- Xiphoid Process: Cartilage that calcifies over time, partial attachment of many muscles; the xiphisternal joint is the articulation of the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process.
Ribs
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Types:
- True Ribs (1-7): Directly attached to the sternum
- False Ribs (8-10): Indirectly attached to the sternum via costal cartilage
- Floating Ribs (11-12): No anterior attachment
Ribs Anatomy
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Typical Ribs (3-9):
- Head: Articulates with vertebral column
- Neck: Between head and tubercle
- Tubercle: Articulates with transverse process of the vertebra
- Angle: Change in rib curvature
- Shaft: Main part of the rib
- Subcostal Groove: Protects neurovascular bundles
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Atypical Ribs (1, 2, 10, 11, 12): Variations in structure
Thoracic Vertebrae
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Characteristics:
- Transverse costal facets
- Costal facets on vertebral body
- Spinous processes are long and point inferiorly
- Superior and inferior articular facets (face dorsally/posteriorly and ventrally/anteriorly)
- Circular vertebral foramen
- Heart-shaped body
Thoracic Apertutes Boundaries
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Inlet (Superior Aperture):
- Anteriorly: Manubrium sterni
- Posteriorly: Body of T1 vertebra
- Laterally: First rib and costal cartilage
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Outlet (Inferior Aperture):
- Anteriorly: Xiphoid process (infrasternal angle)
- Posteriorly: Body of T12 vertebra.
- Laterally: Costal margin of ribs 7-12
Thoracic Outlet Structures
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Inlet structures:
- Trachea
- Esophagus
- Lung apices
- Remains of thymus
- Major vessels
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Outlet Structures:
- Major vessels -nerves -major organs
Diaphragm Anatomy
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Description: Muscular and aponeurotic partition between thorax and abdomen. Dome-shaped
- Convex superior surface faces thorax
- Depressed in the middle, summits are known as cupolas (right is higher due to liver)
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Structure:
- Peripheral part is muscular (striated)
- Central part is tendinous (central tendon)
Diaphragm Origins
- Sternal Part: Arises from the posterior surface of the xiphoid process.
- Costal Part: Arises from the deep surfaces of the lower ribs and costal cartilages.
- Vertebral/Lumbar Part: Arises from the upper three lumbar vertebrae, the crura and the arcuate ligaments(med&lat)
Diaphragm Insertion
- Diaphragm insertion is into the central tendon.
- Some muscle fibres of the right crus pass up to the left and surround the esophageal orifice in a slinglike loop.
- These fibers act like a sphincter and assist preventing stomach contents from entering the thorax.
Diaphragm Openings
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Major Openings:
- Vena Caval Opening: For inferior vena cava, at T8 vertebra
- Esophageal Opening: For esophagus, at T10 vertebra, vagus nerves, esophageal branches of left gastric vessels, and lymph vessels
- Aortic Opening: For aorta, at T12 vertebra, thoracic duct, and azygos vein
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Minor Opening:
- Larrey Space: At the sterna origin and 7th costal cartilage, superior epigastric vessels, and lymphatics of liver.
Lungs
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Location: In the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum
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Divisions: Lobes: Right lung has 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobes
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Surfaces: Apex, base, costal, medial.
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Important Features:
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Apex: Above the first rib, close to the blood vessels/nerves of the neck
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Base: Related to the thoracic surface and diaphragm
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Costal Surface: Convex, against the ribs and intercostal muscles
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Medial Surface: Concave, has a hilum at T5-T7, where the root of the lung enters/exits.
Pleura and Pleural Cavity
- Composition: Two membranes (visceral pleura and parietal pleura), lined by serous membrane (fluid)
- Pleural Cavity (potential space): Filled with serous fluid that separates the pleural layers, reduces friction during breathing
Lung Interior
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Features:
- Bronchi: Air passages
- Alveoli: Tiny air sacs for gas exchange
- Blood vessels: Deliver oxygen and nutrients, removes carbon dioxide.
Bronchi and Bronchioles
- Trachea Division: Divides at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra
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Right Bronchus: Wider, shorter, and more vertical. More prone to obstruction.
- Divides into 3 lobar bronchi once entering lung.
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Left Bronchus: Longer, narrower, and more oblique.
- Divides into 2 lobar bronchi once entering lung.
Nerve and Blood Supply of the Lungs
- Nerves: Vagus nerve causes bronchoconstriction and sympathetic nerves cause bronchodilatation
- Blood Supply: Right and left bronchial arteries supply blood. Right sided venous drainage is via the azygos vein and left side drainage is via the superior intercostal vein.
Clinical Importance
- Clinical conditions: Funnel chest (pectus excavatum) Pigeon chest (pectus carinatum)
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the thorax and diaphragm with this quiz. Questions cover sensory supply, arterial branches, and various thoracic conditions. Perfect for students studying human anatomy in detail.
